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Hormones and Behavior > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What experiment did Arnold Berthold conduct in 1949?

A

He conducted the first experiment demonstrating that the testis contained a substance responsible for altering the behavior and phenotype of roosters.

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2
Q

Who was the first to coin the term “Hormone”?

A

Ernest Starling

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3
Q

What is hormone in Greek?

A

Ormao meaning stir up/excite.

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system that coordinates the biological functions underlying physiological and behavioral processes through chemical signals called hormones.

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5
Q

What are the effects of hormones? (2)

A
  1. Developmental (organizational)
  2. Functional (activational)
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6
Q

What is autocrine?

A

Effects of hormones on the gland of secretion.

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7
Q

What is paracrine?

A

Effects of hormones on nearby cells.

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8
Q

What is endocrine?

A

Effects of hormones secreted in the bloodstream.

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9
Q

What is ectocrine?

A

Effects of hormones secreted into the environment.

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10
Q

What are the Ultimate levels of analysis? (3)

A
  1. Evolutionary theory
  2. Sexual Selection
  3. Parental Investment
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11
Q

What are the Proximate levels of analysis? (3)

A
  1. Behaviors
  2. Systems Levels
  3. Cellular and Molecular
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12
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Brain region controlling the pituitary gland.

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13
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Gland that secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands.

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14
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

Gland that affects metabolism among other things.

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15
Q

What are the parathyroids?

A

Glands that help regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

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16
Q

What are ovaries?

A

Glands that secrete female sex hormones.

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17
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Organ that helps regulate the level of sugar in the bloodstream.

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18
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

Glands that help trigger fight or flight response.

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19
Q

What are the testis?

A

Glands that secrete male sex hormones.

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete? (3)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin and regulatory hormones.

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21
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin.

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22
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete? (on the posterior surface of the thyroid)

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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23
Q

What does the heart secrete?

A

Natriuretic peptides: ANP and BNP.

24
Q

What does the kidney secrete?

A

Renin Erythropoietin (EPO) Calcitriol.

25
Q

What does the adipose (fatty) tissue secrete? (2)

A

Leptin and resistin.

26
Q

What do the pancreatic islets release? (2)

A

Insulin and glucagon.

27
Q

What do the gonads release?

A

Male: Androgens (testosterone primarily) and Inhibin
Female: Estrogen, progestins and inhibin.

28
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland release? (7)

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH and MSH.

29
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland release? (2)

A

Oxytocin and ADH.

30
Q

What does the thyroid release? (3)

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)

31
Q

What does the thymus release? (atrophy in adulthood)

A

Thymosins

32
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete? (adrenal gland) (2)

A

Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)

33
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete? (adrenal gland) (4)

A

Cortisol
Corticosterone
Aldosterone
Androgens

34
Q

What hormones control food intake and where do they come from? (3)

A
  1. Adipose tissue = Leptin
  2. Pancreas = Insulin
  3. Stomach = Ghrelin
35
Q

What are the four hormone classifications?

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Peptides
  3. Monoamines
  4. Lipid Based
36
Q

What is the base of all steroids?

A

Cholesterol

37
Q

How do you get estrogen?

A

Androgens (testosterones) + Aromatase

38
Q

What makes steroids different if they all come from cholesterol?

A

The enzyme around them.

39
Q

What happens when you combine testosterone and 5α-reductase?

A

You get a different androgen (dihydrotestosterone) which is stronger than testosterone.

40
Q

What happens if a male has aromatase in male breast tissue?

A

Production of estrogen and growth of breasts.

41
Q

How do peptide hormones form?

A

Peptides form as a result of ribosomes attaching to mRNA and producing the hormones from the genetic translation.

42
Q

What are the two pre-pro peptides?

A
  1. Pro-Insulin
  2. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
43
Q

Where is POMC found mostly? (2)

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland
44
Q

What are five monoamines?

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. Melatonin
  3. Dopamine
  4. Epinephrine
  5. Norepinephrine
45
Q

What is a well-known neurotransmitter that acts as a lipid-based hormone?

A

Endocannabinoids

46
Q

What do endocannabinoids do?

A

Slow things down synaptically.

47
Q

What kind of loops do hormonal systems have?

A
  1. Positive Loop
  2. Negative Loop (most systems)
48
Q

What happens in the negative loop?

A

You down regulate the system.

49
Q

What happens in positive loops?

A

You activate the system.

50
Q

What are the two gonadotropins?

A
  1. LH
  2. FSH
51
Q

What is HPG axis?

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG)

52
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Positive stimulation of the HPG axis.

53
Q

What does ovulation cause?

A

Release of gonadotropins.

54
Q

What does the release of gonadotropins cause?

A

Raises hormone levels and starts ovulation.

55
Q

What does the hypothalamus act as?

A

The director. Everything starts at the hypothalamus.

56
Q

Steps in HPG axis? (3)

A
  1. GnRH (peptide) acts on the anterior pituitary.
  2. The pituitary gland releases gonadotropins.
  3. The gonadotropins raise hormone levels through the gonads.
57
Q

HPA Axis?

A

Review by self-notes.

Hormones and Behavior (3 decks)

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