Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine System is system that?
regulates, controls, and communicate
Endocrine is more slower and more longer lasting effect than the nervous system T/F?
True
It is a ductless system that releases its chemical messengers directly into the blood
Endocrine System
Functions of Hormones
- regulate chemical composition; metabolism of the body
- Growth and development
- Regulate operation of reproductive systems.
4.Help establish circadian rhythm
The chemical messengers of the endocrine glands are called
Hormones
A) Endocrine Hormone- Steriod is? Lipid or H2O soluble?
Lipid soluble; made from cholesterol
e.g: estrogen
B. Non- steroid is H20 or Lipid soluble?
H20 soluble- made from amino acids
e.g Adrenaline
Steroid hormones enter? Do they interact with DNA
Target cells, and DIRECTLY interact with DNA which results in their effects on cell metabolism
Nonsteroid hormones enter or do not enter the target cells?
Do NOT enter the target cells; but bind to a protein receptor on the external cell membrane, which triggers change inside cell
Lipid soluble hormones affect cell function by:
acting on “gene expression” (genes to proteins)
Water-soluble hormones are?
hormones alter cell function by activating plasma membrane receptors, which trigger the production of a second messenger that activates various proteins inside the cell.
Mechanism of Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormones Image
Slide 8-10
is considered the “master gland” endocrine gland.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, has itself a control centre, called?
the hypothalamus
The pituitary consists of two lobes:
the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
Hormones of the pituitary gland are controlled by inhibiting and releasing chemicals produced by the
Hypothalamus
The anterior pituitary consists of cells that produce how many different hormones?
7
Hormone that stimulates body growth through insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
- human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Hormone that initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands.
Prolactin (PRL)
Hormone that regulates thyroid gland activities.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) –
Hormone that Regulates reproductive hormones
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone that regulates activities of the reproductive hormones (ovaries and testes).
Luteinizing hormone (LH) –
Hormone that regulates activities of the adrenal cortex.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) – causes?
excessive amount of MSH causes darkening of the skin.
This posterior pituitary releases 2 key hormones;
- Oxytocin; which stimulates contraction of the Uterus, and release of milk from the breasts,
- Antidiuretic hormone; hormone (ADH); which stimulates H20 reabsorption by the kidneys and constriction of arterioles.
Thyroid gland location
is butterfly-shaped and is located just below the larynx (voice box).
which is secreted by parafollicular cells of the gland
Thyrozine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormones do what?
regulate oxygen use and metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) does?
regulates the homeostasis of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate by increase blood calcium and magnesium levels, and decreasing blood phosphate level.
Calcitonin = decrease Ca+, t/f?
True
PTH secretion is controlled by
the level of Calcium in the blood
Para/thyroid glands homeostasis diagram
Slide 33-34
The endocrine portion consists of;
pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans, which are made up of alpha and beta cells.
Alpha cells that secrete the hormone
Glucagon
Beta cells secrete which hormone?
Insulin
Glucagon elevate blood glucose level, t/f?
true
Does insulin decrease blood glucose level?
decrease
Low blood sugar/ high blood sugar regulation feedback loops Image
Slide 38-39
2 adrenal glands consist of?
outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex is divided into three zones:
outer zone secretes mineralocorticoids
middle zone secretes glucocorticoids;
inner zone secretes androgens.
Mineralocorticoids increases:
decreases:
increases sodium and water reabsorption and decrease potassium reabsorption.
Secretion of the Mineralocorticoids controlled by the;
renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system pathway.
Glucocorticoids
most abundant is cortisol
Adrenal Glands: Glucocorticoids functions:
protein and triglyceride breakdown;
glucose formation;
anti-inflammatory effects;
depression of immune responses.
Secretion is controlled by ACTH(Ant. Pit.)
Androgens secreted by the innermost tissue of the___ ____
adrenal cortex;
adrenal cortex stimulate:
growth of pubic hair,
aid the prepubertal growth spurt,
and contributes to a person’s sex drive
In both males and females
Primary androgen is Testosterone, also produced in the Testis(sex organs)
adrenal medulla (inner structure of adrenal gland secrete:
epinephrine, (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (NE), (noradrenaline)
which are released under times of stress.
These hormones aid in the; “Fight OR flight” response.
Gonads are the organs that produce?
produce gametes – sperm in males and egg in females.
females gonads, the ovaries produce?
hormones estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.
Gonads in female sex hormones regulate
the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare for lactation, and guide the female body growth
male gonads known as? produce?
the testes, are oval glands that lie inside the scrotum and produce testosterone and inhibin.
Testosterone regulates production of ?
Sperm , and stimulates the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as beard growth and deepening of the voice.
The pineal gland is?
is a small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.
What is one hormone secreted by the pineal gland?
melatonin, which contributes to setting the body’s biological clock.
Melatonin levels are higher in children or adult?
higher in children, decline with age
Kidney - EPO (Erythropoietin) does?
Increases rate of RBC
Any stimulus that produces a stress response is called ?
A stressor; can be pleasant or unpleasant
Heart- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Decreases Blood pressure
- Resistance reaction:
helps the body continue fighting a stressor long after the fight-or-flight response dissipates.
body will continue to secrete stress hormones which keep the body’s physical response to stress elevated. This induces the resistance stage and includes symptoms of poor concentration, irritability, and frustration.
If the stressful event continues to persist, the body will enter the exhaustion stage.
Stage 1. The fight-or-flight response initiated by?
the activation of the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
brings huge amounts of glucose and oxygen to the organs that are most active in warding off danger: the brain, which must become highly alert; the skeletal muscles, which may have to fight off an attacker or flee; and the heart, which must work vigorously to pump enough blood to the brain and muscles.
the stress response, which occurs in three stages:
(1) an initial fight-or-flight response, (ALARM)
(2) a slower resistance reaction, and eventually
(3)exhaustion.
- Exhaustion Stage:
the body has depleted its energy resources by continually trying but failing to recover from the initial alarm reaction stage. Once it reaches the exhaustion stage, a person’s body is no longer equipped to fight stress. They may experience: tiredness.
With aging, the blood levels of PTH, TSH, LH, FSH rise. T/F
True
The pancreas releases insulin more ____ with age?
Slowly with age
