Endocrine System Flashcards
what is severe acidosis
pH of blood is <7
what is respiratory acidosis
excess of C02 in blood caused by hyperventilation or lung disease
what is metabolic acidosis
acids aren’t sufficiently neutralised or eliminated; kidney failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhoea…
Treatment for severe acidosis
mechanical ventilation (COVID), dialysis, bicarbonate therapy through IV
what is severe alkalosis
pH of blood >7.7 (more than)
What is respiratory alkalosis?
excess of c02 elimination through lungs (hyperventilation)
What is metabolic alkalosis?
excess of bicarbonate ions (HC03-) in blood
(vomiting, excessive use of antacids, certain kidney disorders)
what do electrical impulses do in the NS
transmit signals quickly over short distances
what are the role of neurotransmitters in the NS
at synapse to communicate with other neurons or target cells (muscles or glands)
how are hormones released into the bloodstream
by endocrine glands
how do hormones initiate a response
hormones travel to target cells and bind to specific receptors
what is endocrine signalling
secreted molecule (hormones) travel with blood and trigger responses in targets cells anywhere in the body
what signalling would be used if the cells weren’t secreted through the blood
paracrine signalling
what is paracrine signalling
secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger response in neighboring cells
what is Autocrine signalling
secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them
what are autocrine and paracrine signalling
- not hormones
= local regulators
what do prostaglandins do
promote inflammation and sensation of pain, blocked by aspirin and ibuprofen
what is synaptic signalling
neurotranmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger response in target tissue
- not part of the endocrine system
what is neuroendocrine signalling
nuerochromones diffuse into bloodstream and trigger response in target cells anywhere in the body (oxytocin) or locally (HPA) via portal veins
what is HPA and what signalling occurs here
hypothalamus pituitary axis
= neuroendocrine signalling
how do exocrine glands release secretions into external environment
through ducts
(saliva, sweat, mammary glans)
what are endocrine glands
ductless and secrete hormones into bloodstream
which organ has both endocrine glands and exocrine glands
pancreas
(insulin/glucagon + digestive enzymes)
