endocrine system Flashcards
Parathyroid glands are composed of the exocrine glandular cells that are arranged into the
cords
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Parathyroid glands are composed of exocrine glandular cells that are arranged into cords
f
Intralobular striated ducts are important components of parathyroid gland
f
Parathyroid gland is composed of serous and mucous cells
f
In parathyroid glands we distinguish 2 main types of parenchymal cells: Chief cells and
oxyphil cells
t
Parenchymal cells of the parathyroid gland are two types: Chief cells and oxyphil cells
t
Minor part of parathyroid gland parenchyma is composed of Oxyphil cells with the
acidophilic cytoplasm
t
Acidophilic oxyphil cells of parathyroid glands are arranged separately or into small groups
t
The main cells of parathyroid glands are much larger and less numerous than oxyphilic
cells
f
Chief cells of parathyroid glands are predominant type of cells and are smaller than
oxyphil cells
t
Endocrine cells of parathyroid glands are in close connection with the continuous
capillaries
t
Endocrine cells of thyroid and parathyroid glands are surrounded by a richly branched
network of fenestrated capillaries
t
Endocrine cells of thyroid glands are surrounded by extensive network of fenestrated
capillaries
t
The thyroid gland is follicular type of exocrine gland
f
Thyroid gland is follicular type of exocrine gland
f
Follicular cells of the 2-phase thyroid gland produce T3 and T4 which are stored in form of
a colloid
t
Follicular cells of thyroid gland are strictly of cuboidal shape independently to hormonal
activity
f
The follicles of thyroid gland also contain several smaller and paler cells – parafollicular or
C-cells, which produce the polypeptide hormone thyroxin
f
2 main cell populations of the thyroid gland parenchyma are follicular and parafollicular
cells
t
Thyroid gland consists of the endocrine cells arranged into cords
f
Thyroid is the only example of gland in humans with follicular arrangement of cells
f
Thyroid gland contains many spherical epithelial follicles with colloid filed cavity
t
Parathormone is a secretory product of parafollicular cells of the thyroid
f
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis is typical with the presence of two distinct capillary
plexuses
t
The anterior lobe of hypophysis has two parts: Pars nervosa and Infundibulum
f
Endocrine cords of Adenohypophysis are supported by fine reticular tissue stroma
t
Pars distalis of adenohypophysis contains two types of acidophilic cells and three types of
basophilic cells
t
Corticotropic cells of the Adenohypophysis have basophilic cytoplasm
t
Cells of Adenohypophysis are arranged into irregular cords and are surrounded by rich
capillary network
t
Cells of Pars distalis of Adenohypophysis are arranged into irregular cords and are
surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries
t
Herring bodies occur in the Pars distalis of the Adenohypophysis
f
Herring bodies represent the accumulation of secretory granules in unmyelinated axons in
the neurohypophysis
t
Herring bodies are found in neurohypophysis
t
Neurohypophysis does NOT contain any perikarya of neurosecretory neurons
t
Neurohypophysis has 3 parts: Pars distalis, Pars tuberlais, Pars intermedia
f
Tissue of neurohypophysis has a fibrous appearance due to presence of many
unmyelinated axons
t
Pituicytes of the neurohypophysis produce the hormone oxytocin
f
Acidophils are predominant population of cells in Pars nervosa of Neurohypophysis
f
Interstitial glial cells of the pineal gland resemble to astrocytes
t
Pinealocytes of Pineal gland have long cytoplasmic processes and produce Melatonin
t
Glandula pinealis is formed by a typical trabecular glandular epithelium
f
Histologically, the neurohypophysis is composed of endocrine glandular
epithelium
Herring neurosecretory bodies are found in pars distalis of the
adenohypophysis
Chromophilic cells are part of the adenohypophysis
Like the liver, the adenohypophysis contains a portal system.
The neurohypophysis is histologically a nervous tissue that does not contain
glandular epithelial cells and does not produce hormones.
Chromophobic and chromophilic cells are the two main cell populations of
the adenohypophysis and are present in approximately equal numbers.
Acidophilic cells of the adenohypophysis produce hormones that act on other
endocrine glands in the body.
Acidophilic cells of the adenohypophysis are more numerous than basophilic
cells
Herring bodies represent accumulations of vesicles containing antidiuretic
hormone and oxytocin
Hormones stored in Herring bodies are the product of neurons in the
hypothalamus
Pituicytes are one of the cell populations of the adenohypophysis.
Glandotropic hormones are a product of the basophilic cells of the
adenohypophysis
The hypophyseal-portal system is formed by two capillary beds connected in
series
The adenohypophysis contains capillaries with a continuous endothelial
lining.
Rathke’s follicles are found in the neurohypophysis as remnants of the
Rathke’s pouch
Chromophilic cells of the adenohypophysis produce liberins and statins.
The adenohypophysis is composed of endocrine glandular epithelium
arranged in irregular cords and nests.
Pituicytes are neuroglial cells of the neurohypophysis.
The adenohypophysis contains two populations of cells - chromophobic and
chromaffin
The pituitary gland is a gland functionally superior to the hypothalamus, the
activity of which it influences.
Basophilic cells make up about 10% of epithelial cells of the
adenohypophysis.
The hypothalamus has a superior position within the hypothalamohypophyseal axis
The neurohypophysis contains mainly Herring bodies, unmyelinated axons,
and pituicytes.
Chromophobic cells are a distinct cell population of the adenohypophysis
Chromophobic cells of the adenohypophysis stain pink with eosin.
The adenohypophysis contains capillaries with fenestrations
The adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis are morphologically and
functionally identical.
Folliculostellate cells are glial cells of the neurohypophysis.
The pineal gland contains glial cells called pituitary cells.
The parenchyma of the pineal gland is formed by the endocrine glandular
epithelium
The two main cell populations of the pineal gland are astrocytes and
pinealocytes
The product of the pinealocytes is melatonin, which regulates circadian
rhythms.
Part of the pineal gland are extracellular calcified bodies called corpora
arenacea
A pinealocyte is a spherical cell without processes.
Astrocytes of the pineal gland can be distinguished from pinealocytes by the
shape of the nucleus
Astrocytes have a dark flattened nucleus.
Pinealocytes have a large nucleus with 1-2 visible nucleoli.
Connective tissue arising from the pia mater divides the parenchyma of the
pineal gland into lobules.
Melatonin is a product of astrocytes of the pineal gland.
A large number of myelinated axons surround the pinealocytes and
astrocytes of the pineal gland.
The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ with a follicular arrangement of
glandular epithelium.
T3 and T4 are products of parafollicular thyroid cells
Colloid is the name given to the storage form of thyroid hormones with
thyroglobulin being the basic component.
The stroma of the thyroid gland contains many fenestrated capillaries.
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland have an acidophilic cytoplasm
Oxyphilic cells of the parathyroid gland produce parathormone
The parathyroid gland contains several fat cells, the number of which
increases with age
Oxyphilic cells of the parathyroid gland form clusters and are less numerous
than chief cells
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland are larger than oxyphilic cells
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland have a basophilic cytoplasm and oxyphilic
cells have an eosinophilic cytoplasm
The surface of the parathyroid gland is covered by a fibrous capsule.
The stroma of the parathyroid gland contains capillaries with a continuous
endothelial lining
The thyroid gland contains parafollicular cells which produce calcitonin.
Follicular cells of the thyroid gland are linig follicles in a single layer.
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are located in the fibrous stroma
Thyroid follicular cells are about a thousand times less numerous than
parafollicular cells.
The thyroid gland is covered by a connective tissue capsule
The amount of fat cells in the parathyroid gland decreases with age.
The parathyroid gland is an example of a follicular arrangement of glandular
epithelium
Parafollicular thyroid cells are larger and less numerous than follicular cells
The adrenal cortex contains chromaffin cells
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland are named after the staining of their
cytoplasm
Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is the thickest of its three layers
Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex is located at the border with the
medulla.
The adrenal medulla is a developmentally modified sympathetic ganglion
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla have an affinity for chromium salts
Cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex have a dark cytoplasm.
Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is located just below the capsule.
A chromaffin cell is a modified postsynaptic neuron of the adrenal gland
medulla that produces catecholamines
The stroma of the adrenal cortex is made up of a dense connective tissue
Capillaries of the adrenal cortex are of fenestrated type.
Cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex are pale due to the high
content of fat droplets
Lipofuscin granules can be seen in epithelial cells of zona reticularis of the
adrenal cortex.
Glandular cells of the adrenal cortex are surrounded by a rich network of
capillaries with a continuous endothelial lining
The inner stroma of the adrenal cortex is formed by a network of fine
reticular fibers
The adrenal cortex and medulla are developmentally and morphologically
distinct
) Although not part of the endocrine system, hormones are also produced by
several other organs, such as the thymus, liver, and heart
All components of the parenchyma of endocrine organs are always formed
by glandular epithelium.
Endocrine glands are called glandulae sine ductibus in Latin.
Each hormone-producing organ is called an endocrine gland.
Which of the following endocrine glands have cells arranged in cords?
a) adrenal cortex
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Which of the following endocrine glands have cells arranged in cords? adenohypophysis
t
Which of the following endocrine glands have cells arranged in cords?neurohypophysis
f
Which of the following endocrine glands have cells arranged in cords?thyroid
f
. Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland are true?
a) height of its follicular cells depends on their activity
b) its hormones, T3 and T4 are stored intracellulary
c) its parafollicular cells are producing hormone parathormone
d) its colloid is basophilic
e) is follicular type of endocrine gland
ae
- What are the glands in which glial cells can be found?
a) neurohypophysis
b) adenohypophysis
45
c) adrenal medulla
d) pineal gland
e) thyroid
acd
- Which of the cell-product pairs are correct?
a) chromaffin cells - catecholamines
b) acidophils - prolactin
c) basophils - proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
d) oxyphil cells - parathormone
e) pinealocytes - melanin
f) pituicytes - antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
abc
. What are the typical characteristics of endocrine glands?
a) production of enzymes
b) presence of fenestrated capillaries
c) epithelial or neuronal origin of their cells
d) are ductless
e) their secretion is often regulated by feedback mechanisms
bcde
What structures can be seen in the neurohypophysis?
a) Hassal’s bodies
b) Herring bodies
c) unmyelinated axons
d) pinealocytes
bc
- What histological structures can be seen in the pineal gland?
a) pinealocytes
b) pituicytes
c) pial capsule
d) brain sand
e) interstitial cells
f) colloid
acde
8.What are the parts of the neurohypophysis?
a) infundibulum
b) pars tuberalis
c) pars nervosa
d) pars distalis
e) pars intermedia
ac
- In the following statement, correct the word to make this statement correct:
Neurons from the hypothalamic nuclei secrete releasing hormone into a
hypothalamo-hypophysisal portal system that flows from the hypothalamus to
the posterior pituitary.
a) Neurons → Pituicytes
b) releasing → inhibiting
c) posterior → anterior
d) hypothalamic → epithalamic
bc
- What are the ways that parathormone increases the level of serum calcium?
a) increases bone resorption
b) decreases Ca2+ bile excretion
c) increases kidney reabsorption
d) decreases kidney reabsorption
e) increases calcium absorption from the small intestine
ace
ADH (antiduiretic hormone, vasopressin) enters the systemic circulation through
fenestrated capillaries that are present in which of the following anatomic
locations?
a) eminentia mediana in infundibulum
b) pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary
c) paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
d) pars tuberalis of the anterior pituitary
e) at the site of the pituitary gland where pituicytes occur
f) at the site of terminal branches of inferior hypophyseal arteries
bef
Which of the following terms best describes the biochemical composition of the
material stored within the thyroid follicles?
a) proteoglycan
b) big glycoprotein
c) pentapeptide
d) steroid precursor
e) complex carbohydrate
f) thyroglobulin
bf
. Which of the following statements about the parathyroid parenchyme are true?
a) contains the endocrine cells that are arranged in the follicles
b) its cells are of two types – chief cells and oxyphil cells
c) its predominant cell type is oxyphil cell
d) its cells are in close connection with the continuous capillaries
b
Which of the following applies to steroid hormones?
a) are generally synthesized from cholesterol
b) their source are also gonads and placenta
c) can’t pass through the cell membrane
d) their receptors may be nuclear
e) are produced by a polyhedral epithelioid cells with a single eccentrically
located ovoid nucleus and with rod-shaped crystal-like structures 3 to 20
micrometres in diameter (Reinke crystals)
f) their production can be stimulated by growth hormone
abde
Which of the following statements about the products of adrenal gland are true?
a) zona fasciculata of the cortex produces hormone aldosterone
b) its medulla produces hormone dopamine
c) its medulla produces hormone noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
d) its cortex produces catecholamines
bc
- Where can the cells with abundant smooth ER, many mitochondria of the special
- tubular type, and many lipid droplets that give them a vacuolated appearance
come from?
a) pars distalis adenohypophysis
b) zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
c) adrenal medulla
d) zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
bd
Where is colloid located as a filling of hollow formations within endocrine
glands?
a) in pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis
b) around acervulus cerebri in pineal gland
c) in thyroid follicles
d) in lymphatic follicles
ac
Which of the following statements are true?
a) the reticular fibers are found in the adrenal stroma (visible after silver salt
impregnation / staining)
b) cells of adrenal medulla have characteristic features steroid-secreting cell
c) parafollicular cells are part of the parenchyma of the parathyroid glands
d) thyroid gland consists of the endocrine cells arranged into the cords
e) adrenal medulla posseses chromaffín cells that are modified sympathetic
postganglionic neurons
ae
Which cells of the adenohypophysis belong to the basophilic cells?
a) adrenocorticotrophs
b) somatotrophs
c) lactotrophs
d) gonadotrophs
ad
- The cells of the adrenal cortex have a morphological peculiarities. What are
these?
a) their mitochondria have a tubular arrangement of the inner membrane
b) their nuclei are strongly dominated by euchromatin
c) contain lipid inclusions
d) their cytoplasm has a foamy appearance in routine staining
acd
- Decide whether the following statements about the development of the
endocrine system are true T or false F:
a) Rathke’s pouch is the ectodermal basis of the adenohypophysis.
b) Foramen caecum of the tongue is a remnant of the descent of the basis for
the parathyroid gland.
c) The adrenal medulla develops as a modified sympathetic ganglion.
d) The basis of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland is the ultimobranchial
body.
acd
- Decide whether the following statements about the development of the
endocrine system are true T or false F:
a) The glandular epithelium of the parathyroid glands originates from the
endoderm of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches.
b) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is derived from the neuroectoderm
of the midbrain.
c) The ultimobranchial body gives rise to the entire thyroid gland.
d) Migration of neural crest cells is essential for proper development of the
adrenal medulla.
abd
- Decide whether the following statements about the development of the
endocrine system are true T or false F:
a) Descending base of the thyroid gland communicates with the cavity of the
primitive pharynx through a duct called ductus thyroglossus.
b) Ductus thyroglossus normally disappears and its remnant is the foramen
caecum at the root of the tongue.
c) The glandular epithelium of the superior parathyroid gland develops from
the endoderm of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch.
d) The glandular epithelium of the inferior parathyroid gland develops from the
endoderm of the 4th pharyngeal pouch.
ab
44.Decide whether the following statements about the development of the
endocrine system are true T or false F:
a) Rathke’s pouch is the basis for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
b) The adrenal cortex differentiates from the choroidal epithelium.
c) The glandular epithelium of the superior parathyroid gland develops from
the endoderm of the 4th pharyngeal pouch.
52
d) The glandular epithelium of the inferior parathyroid develops from the
endoderm of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch
bcd
- Decide whether the following statements about the development of the
endocrine system are true T or false F:
a) The pyramidal lobe is an accessory lobe of the thyroid gland that develops if
the distal end of the thyroglossal duct does not disappear.
b) The adrenal cortex originates from the neural crest neuroectoderm.
c) The ultimobranchial body is the basis of the thyroid follicular cells.
d) Paraganglia originates from the neuroectoderm of the neural tube
a
46.Which endocrine tissues are derived from neural crest cells?
a) chief cells of parathyroid gland
b) cells of APUD system / DES (diffuse endocrine system)
c) adrenal medulla
d) parafollicular C-cells
e) pars nervosa of neurohypophisis
cd
- Which of the following statements about the thyroid primordium are true?
a) originates in ectoderm of the stomodeum
b) extends caudally in the form of a ductus thyreoglossus
c) originate at the apex of foramen caecum
d) is formed from the endoderm
bcd
48.Which of the following endocrine glands originates in the third pharyngeal
pouch?
a) adenohypophysis
b) thyroid gland
c) superior parathyroid gland
d) inferior parathyroid gland
bd
49.What is the embryonic origin of adrenal cortex?
a) neural crest cells
b) coelomic epithelium
c) yolk sac
d) endoderm
b
- From what structure does the adenohypophysis arise?
a) epithelium of the stomodeum
b) Rathke’s pouch
c) diencephalon
d) second pharyngeal pouch
e) metencephalon
ab
