Endocrine System Flashcards
Difference between neurotransmitter and a hormone
Neurotransmitter: released into synaptic cleft + chemical messenger, released by the nervous system
Hormone: released directly into blood streatm, need blood capillaries to pick up, released by the endocrine system
Examples of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, glycine, GABA, serotonin
Examples of hormones
epinephrine, oxytocin, ADH, melatonin, cortisol
Examples of both neurotransmitters and hormones
epinephrine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide
Exclusive endocrine glands
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, adrenal
Not exclusive endocrine glands
pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, hypothalamus, kidney, stomach, liver
What roles do hormones play within our body
Synthesis of new molecules (protein anabolism)
Changing permeability of the cell membrane
Stimulating transport of a substance into or out of the cell
Altering the rate of metabolic actions
Causing contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle
Water soluble hormones
have receptors on the plasma membrane and uses second messenger to regulate cellular processes
Lipid soluble hormones
do not have receptors on the plasma membrane instead have receptors either in the cytosol or the nucleus and directly affect the gene expression
Synergistic
when two or more hormones combine to produce effects
Permissive
presence of one hormone is required for another hormone to exert its full effects on a target cell (T3 and T4 or thyroid hormones and epinephrine; cortisol and growth hormone)
Agonist
a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor (all hormones)
Antagonist
the act to return body conditions to within acceptable limits from opposite extremes care called antagonistic hormone (insulin and glucagon; parathyroid hormones and calcitonin; aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP))
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
GNRH; GHIH, GnRH, TRH; CRH; PRH, PIH (dopamine)
Other hypothalamic hormones
ADH and oxytocin
What regulates the hormones of the anterior pituitary glands
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
Anterior pituitary glands and their cells and hormones
Gonadotrophs - gonadotrophins (FSH _ LH)
Thyrotrophs - thyrotropin or TSH
Corticotrophs - corticotropin or ACTH and MSH
Lactotrophs - prolactin (PRL)
Somatotrophs - somatotropin (hGH)
Posterior pituitary gland and the hormones they secrete
Oxytocin and ADH
Pineal gland and it’s hormone
Melatonin
Thyroid gland cells
T3, T4 (follicular cells) and calcitonin (parafollicular C cells)
T3 full name
Triiodothyronine
T4 full name
tetraiodothyronine
Parathyroid gland
parathormone or parathyroid hormone
Pancreatic hormones
somatostatin, insulin, glucagon
Adrenal glands and the 3 zones of the cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Zona glomerulosa hormone
aldosterone (chief mineralocorticoid)
Zona fasciculata hormones
glucocorticoids; cortisol, hydrocortisone, corticosterone
Zona reticularis hormones
androgenic hormones (DHEA)
Adrenal medulla hormones
chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
High osmolarity of blood (osmoreceptors detect changes in osmotic pressure)
What are eicosanoids
Substances derived from 20 carbon fatty acid (arachidonic acid): prostaglandins, leukocytes
