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Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Secretes hormones to regulate energy metabolism, regulate protein synthesis, regulate enzyme activity, trigger muscle contraction, determine response to physical and psychological stress.

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2
Q

What are endocrine hormones and what are the three types?

A

Produced from a gland, traveling through circulation for the target cells receptor. The glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into extracellular fluid.
Amino acid derives, peptide/ protein derived, steroid

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3
Q

What is an amino acid derived endocrine hormone?

A

Synthesised from the AA tryptophan or tyrosine. Stored in intracellular vesicles and released by exocytosis. E.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline. T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) and melatonin.

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4
Q

What is a peptide/ protein derived endocrine hormones?

A

synthesised as prohormones requiring a cleavage to become activated. They are also released via exocytosis. Their main function is to influence the activity on proteins present in cells.

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5
Q

What is a steroid endocrine hormone?

A

Corticosteroids - glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids.
Sex steroids - androgens (testosterone), oestrogens, progesterones.
Steroid hormones are synthesised and secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads. transport requires specific transport proteins.

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6
Q

What is humoral stimulation of the endocrine gland?

A

Response to changes in blood plasma, bile. So, plasma glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas.

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7
Q

What is neural activation of the endocrine gland?

A

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system that stimulates hormone release. Override normal endocrine control to maintain homeostasis.

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8
Q

What is hormonal activation of the endocrine gland?

A

release of a hormone in response to another hormone, the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What are the 6 main endocrine organs?

A

Pineal gland
Thymus gland
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland

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10
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Secretes majority of our hormones.

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11
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

Secretes adrenaline. Adrenaline stimulates the breakdown of glycogen stores in liver and muscle, and the fat stores in adipose tissue. Secretes noradrenaline which increases the 2-6 fold during maximal intensive exercise to adjust cardiovascular metabolism. PAL increases output in proportion to intensity and duration.

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12
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Located in chest and only active until puberty. Stimulated from TSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Secretes T3 and T4 (thyroxine). They work to increase the basal metabolic rate of tissue growth, development, skeletal and nervous function, maturation and reproduction.

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13
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Synthesises the thyroid hormones by secreting parathyroid hormone. It regulates calcium and phosphate.

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14
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A neuroendocrine organ that receives input from the nervous system and secretes hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones, mainly from pituitary gland.

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15
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in terms of secretions?

A

exo and endocrine glands that release insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.

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16
Q

What ado the gonads secrete?

A

testosterone - sperm production, development of secondary male characteristics.
oestrogen - regulates ovulation and menstruation. beta oestradiol is the stronges version and matures the female reproductive system.

17
Q

What do adipose tissues function?

A

fat storing cells that secrete leptin that acts on the brain to regulate apatite.

18
Q

What is the hormonal cascade?

A

Stimulus - CNS stimulation - hypothalamus - anterior pituitary - specific target endocrine gland - metabolic effect.

19
Q

What are the paracrine hormones?

A

Unlike endocrine which travel through the blood to their target, paracrine can only travel a short distance to a neighbouring target.

20
Q

What is the thyroid stimulating anterior paracrine hormone?

A

maintains growth and development of the thyroid gland and ensures it is secreting the correct hormones.

21
Q

What is the growth hormone anterior paracrine hormone?

A

release is stimulated when the hypothalamus secreted GRH. GIH inhibits GH release. It promotes cell division and maintains body structure in adults.

22
Q

What is the ACTH (corticotrophen) hormone anterior paracrine hormone?

A

the release is stimulated by CRH and ADH from the hypothalamus. it regulates hormone production by the adrenal cortex and the cortisol acts on adipose tissue to increase fatty acid mobilisation.

23
Q

What is prolactin anterior paracrine horome?

A

secretion is stimulated after birth to stimulate the secretion of milk from the mammary glands.

24
Q

What is the FSH and LH anterior paracrine hormone?

A

Stimulate growth of sex organs. LH release is pulsatile and it stimulates oestrogen secretion and causes the rupture of the follicle so the egg can enter the fallopian tube. LH in males stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone. FSH initiates follicle growth and the secretion of oestrogen, helps promote sperm development.

25
Q

How are anterior paracrine hormones released?

A

Secretion of releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. There is neural input stimulating the secretion such as responses to stress, anxiety and PAL.

26
Q

What is the ADH and oxytocin posterior paracrine hormones?

A

Synthesised and secreted by the hypothalamus, Stimulated by neural stimulation. ADH influences water reabsorption by the kidneys. PAK is a potent stimulus. Oxytocin stimulates muscle contraction in the uterus.

27
Q

What are autocrine hormones?

A

Produced in a cell (secretory) which is also the target cell. So, produces the hormone that acts on itself.

28
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

It is a neurotransmitter

Physiology (15 decks)

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