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VTMA1161 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the blood stream.

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers produced by specialized cells that exert their effects on distant parts of the body.

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3
Q

What does a hormone do?

A

Regulate the rates of specific metabolic reactions - usually by regulation of enzyme activity.

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4
Q

What are some facts about Hormones?

A
  1. They are required in very small amounts
  2. May be excitatory or inhibitory
  3. Informational molecules that only work on cells that have the receptors to bind them
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5
Q

What glands are included in the normal endocrine system?

A

One pituitary gland
One thyroid gland
Four parathyroid glands
Two adrenal glands
One pancreas
One thymus
One pineal gland
Two gonads

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6
Q

What is the ‘Master Gland’ that controls other endocrine glands throughout the body?

A

The Pituitary Gland, which is controlled by the hypothalamus.

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7
Q

Where is the Pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain just below the Hypothalamus.

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8
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

The Anterior and Posterior

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9
Q

What is the pituitary connected to?

A

Connected to the hypothalamus via a stalk; the infundibulum.

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10
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do?

A

Produces hormones

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11
Q

What does the Posterior Pituitary do?

A
  1. Responds to neurological stimulation
  2. Stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus
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12
Q

What are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary known as?

A

Direct-acting hormones because they produce the desired effect directly in the target tissue

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13
Q

True or False? The posterior pituitary produces hormones.

A

False. The posterior pituitary SECRETES and STORES hormones produced by the hypothalamus but does not create any of its own.

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14
Q

What are hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary called?

A

Indirect-acting hormones or Tropic hormones

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15
Q

What controls the release or cessation of hormones?

A

Positive and negative feedback control the levels of most hormones in the blood by secreting, releasing, or inhibiting factors that affect hormone release.

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16
Q

What hormones do the Anterior pituitary gland produce and secrete?

A
  1. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating hormone)
  2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  3. FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
  4. LH (Luteinizing hormone)
  5. ICSH (Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone)
  6. Prolactin
  7. GH (growth hormone)
  8. MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
    Note: You will not be expected to memorize the complete name of the abbreviated hormones.
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17
Q

What hormones do the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete?

A
  1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
  2. Oxytocin
    Note: You will not be expected to memorize the complete name of the abbreviated hormones.
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18
Q

What is the Thyroid Gland?

A

It’s a butterfly-shaped gland located either side of the larynx.

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19
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland consist of?

A

Secretory cells arranged into rings or follicles surrounding a lumen in which the secretions are stored.

20
Q

What is the Thyroid Gland controlled by?

A

Its function is controlled by TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

21
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland secrete?

A
  1. T3 (Triiodothyronine) - regulates metabolism
  2. T4 (Thyroxine) - Regulates metabolism
  3. Calcitonin - Promotes absorption of calcium from blood into bones
    Note: You are not expected to memorize the full name of the abbreviated hormones.
22
Q

What are the Parathyroid Glands?

A

Four glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland.

23
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathormone or PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
Note: you are not expected to memorize the full name of the abbreviated hormones.

24
Q

What does PTH do?

A

PTH helps to regulate blood calcium levels by mobilizing bone calcium. It also regulates the phosphorus content of the blood.

25
Q

What are the Adrenal Glands?

A

Two glands that are located cranial to each kidney that consist of a cortex and medulla.

26
Q

What do the Adrenal Glands do?

A

They regulate electrolytes, metabolism, sexual functions, and the body’s response to injury.

27
Q

What is the Adrenal Cortex? What does it do?

A
  1. The outer portion of the Adrenal glands
  2. Secretes corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, Glucocorticoids like cortisol and hydrocortisone, and androgens.
28
Q

What is the Adrenal Medulla? What does it do?

A
  1. Inner portion of Adrenal Glands
  2. Secretes epinephrine (Adrenaline) and norepinephrine (Noradrenaline). (These are known as catecholamines and act as both hormones and neurotransmitters.)
29
Q

What is Epinephrine (Adrenaline)?

A

A vasopressor, which is a substance that stimulates blood vessel contraction and increases blood pressure.

30
Q

What does Epinephrine (Adrenaline) do?

A

Stimulates sympathetic nervous system (Fight or Flight system) and increases blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose.

31
Q

What does Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) do?

A

Stimulates sympathetic nervous system (Fight or Flight) and increases blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose. It is similar in both structure and function to epinephrine.

32
Q

What does the Pancreas do?

A

Secretes insulin and Glucagon by specialized cells called Islets of Langerhans.

33
Q

What is special about the Pancreas?

A

It has both Exocrine and Endocrine functions.

34
Q

Where is the Pancreas located?

A

Near the proximal duodenum.

35
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into cells or into storage as glycogen (main storage form of carbohydrate).

36
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen.

37
Q

What is the Thymus?

A

A gland that is predominant in young animals.

38
Q

Where is the Thymus?

A

Located near the midline in the cranioventral portion of the thoracic cavity. (The top, hollow portion of the thoracic cavity)

39
Q

What does the Thymus secrete?

A

Thymosin.

40
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

Augments the maturation of T-lymphocytes.

41
Q

What does the Pineal Gland do?

A

Secretes melatonin and controls circadian rhythm and reproductive timing.

42
Q

Where is the Pineal Gland?

A

Near the midline in the central portion of the brain.

43
Q

What are the Gonads?

A

The gonads are the ovaries in females and the testes in males.

44
Q

What do the gonads produce?

A

Gametes (Sex Cells).

45
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone.

46
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone.

VTMA1161 (3 decks)

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