Endocrine System Flashcards
List the bodily processes which hormones can control
- Growth
- metabolism
- electrolyte balance
- temperature regulation
- development
- reproduction
- stress and sleep
Explain the difference between exocrine glands and endocrine
glands
- Endocrine ductless, secreting into blood
- Exocrine gland contain a duct, secreting onto body surface or into a
passageway connected to the exterior
Outline the differences between the endocrine system and the
nervous system
Endocrine | Nervous
Communication | Chemical | Electrical or chemical
Primary Chemical Signal | Hormones | Neurotransmitter
Distance Travelled | Long or short | Always short
Response Time |Fast or slow | Always fast
Duration of action | Long | Short
Target specificity | Less specific | Very specific
Identify the location of key structures in the endocrine system
- Hypothalamus
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Adrenal
- Pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
Explain the mechanisms which control the secretion of
hormones
Secreted in response to a stimulus:
– neuronal stimulus
– change in ion or nutrient level
– change in the level of another hormone
Classify amine, peptide, protein and steroid hormones
as water soluble or lipid soluble
Amino acid derivatives are water soluble
* Amines
* Peptides
* Proteins
Lipid derivatives are lipid soluble
* Steroid hormones
Compare how water soluble and lipid soluble
hormones produce their effects
Water - soluble hormones are membrane insoluble; bind to membrane receptors does not interact with nucleus
Lipid soluble hormones diffuse through plasma membrane and interacts with nucleus
List the general responses induced by hormones
– Opening or closing ion channels
– Activating or inactivating enzymes
– Promoting or inhibiting secretion of intracellular products
– Increasing or decreasing gene expression (i.e. altering transcription)
– Stimulating or inhibiting cell division
Name the primary organs of the endocrine system
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
List the targets and functions of the hormones
secreted by primary endocrine organs
Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OXT)
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Thyroid Gland
*Thyroid hormone (thyroid follicles)
Calcitonin (parafollicular cells)
Tetra iodothyronine
Triiodothyronine
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Adrenal Glands
Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisone, cortisol)
Androgens
Catecholamines (e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline)
Pancreas
Insulin (beta cells)
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Somatostatin (delta cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells)
Name the secondary organs of the endocrine system
– Ovaries (development of oocyte)
– Testes (development of sperm)
– Thymus (immune)
– Heart (pumping blood)
– Gastrointestinal tract (digestion)
– Adipose tissue (energy reserve)
– Kidneys (water/electrolyte balance)
– Liver (detoxification)
– Skeleton (support)
List the targets and functions of the hormones secreted
by secondary endocrine organs
- Ovaries
Oestrogens (e.g. estradiol)
Progesterone
Inhibin
– Testes
Testosterone
Inhibin
– Thymus
Thymosins
– Heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide (produced by atria)
Brain natriuretic peptide (produced by ventricles)
– Gastrointestinal tract
Ghrelin
Gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin
Incretins (e.g. glucagon like peptide 1)
– Adipose tissue (energy reserve)
Leptin
Adiponectin
– Kidneys
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
Renin
– Liver
Insulin like growth factor/Somatomedin
Thrombopoietin
Hepcidin
– Skeleton
Fibroblast growth
factor 23 (FGF23)
Osteocalcin
