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BIOSCIENCE > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus, Pineal glands, Thyroid glands, Parathyroid glands, Adrenal glands, Pancreatic islets, Organs with secondary endocrine functions and local hormones

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2
Q

What are hormones and what do they do?

A

They are chemical messengers and influence metabolic activity

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3
Q

What do hormones control and regulate?

A

Reproduction. Growth and development. Electrolyte, water and nutrients balance of the blood. Regulation of metabolism. Mobilisation of body defences.

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4
Q

How do hormones have an effect?

A

Hormones are chemicals which instruct cells to perform or carry out certain functions. Under the influence of hormones cells may manufacture and release other chemical substances into the body, they may also increase or decrease their absorption/release of certain chemical substances across the cell membrane.

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5
Q

How do non-steroid (water soluble) hormones pass through the cell membrane?

A
  1. Non-steroid hormone and Receptor protein
  2. Merge in the cell membrane
  3. Activates the production of chemicals
  4. Chemicals then activate the enzymes
  5. Enzymes are released into the cell
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6
Q

How does steroid hormones

A

1.Steroid hormone goes through the cell membrane
2. Then binds with the steroid receptor
3. Steroid receptor and hormone moves to the nucleus
4. Steroid complex binds to DNA which produces another chemical protein.

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7
Q

How does the nervous system control the breakdown of hormones?

A

Initiates responses rapidly
Short-duration responses
Acts via action potential and neurotransmitters
Acts at specific locations determined by axon pathways
Neurotransmitters act over short distances

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8
Q

How does the Endocrine system control the breakdown of hormones?

A

Initiates responses slowly
Long-duration responses
Acts via hormones released into the blood
Acts at diffuse locations – targets can be anywhere blood can reach
Hormones act over long distances

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9
Q

What are hormones?

A

Long-distance chemical signals that travel in lymph or blood

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10
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

ductless, release hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid.

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11
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

have ducts that carry secretions to a membrane surface.

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12
Q

How endocrine organs are stimulated to produce hormones?

A

Humoral Stimulus – Hormone released as a result of altered level of a certain ion or nutrient.

Nervous stimulus – The nervous system stimulates an organs to release hormones.

Hormonal Stimulus – Sometimes hormone release is caused by another hormone.

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13
Q

Edocrine glands - Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland - where is it and what does it do?

A

In the brain
- The pituitary and the hypothalamus act as a unit.
Regulate activities of most of the endocrine glands.
- Anterior and posterior pituitary gland in different ways.

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary gland, how does it work?

A

Hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary are linked by capillaries called Pituitary portal system (PPS)
PPS transports to the AP, allowing easy passage of hormones into the bloodstream - also transports oxygen and nutrients.

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15
Q

Posterior pituitary gland, how does this work?

A

Formed from nervous tissue - nerve cells supported by glial cells (pituicytes).
Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesised in the nerve cell bodies, transported along the axons and stored in vesicles.

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16
Q

Pineal gland - where is it and how does it work?

A

In your brain
Secretion is suppressed by daylight; increased during darkness.
Melatonin is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

17
Q

Thyroid gland - where is ti and how does it work?

A

It is situated in the neck in front of the larynx and trachea.

Spherical follicles formed from cuboidal epithelium. They secrete and store colloid

Colloid contains precursor molecules of thyroid hormones. (Thyroxine T4 and
tri-iodothyronine T3)

18
Q

What does T3 and T4 do?

A

Increase metabolic rate and heat production.

Regulates metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

19
Q

Parathyroid gland - how many do you have, where is it and what does it do?

A

Four parathyroid glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

PTH secretion increases blood calcium levels by:
-Releasing calcium stored in bone into the blood stream
-Increasing calcium reabsorption from the renal tubules. More calcium is reabsorbed back into the blood during the formation of urine.

PTH and Calcitonin (from the Thyroid) work together to keep the blood calcium levels within normal range.

20
Q

What does calcium do?

A
  • Muscle contraction
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
  • Blood clotting
  • Normal action of many enzymes
21
Q

The Pancreas

A

The pancreas is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
Exocrine - Acinar glands
Endocrine - Pancreatic islets
The islets have no ducts, therefore hormones diffuse directly into bloodstream.

22
Q

What are the two types of islets? how do they secrete hormones differently? What do they both do?

A

Alpha cells secrete Glucagon
Beta cells secrete Insulin
Both control blood glucose levels.

23
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Insulin: (reduces blood glucose levels)

Increases conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle (Glycogenesis)

24
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Glucagon: (increases blood glucose levels)

Increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle (Glycogenolysis)

In severe circumstances encourages the breakdown of fats and proteins to form new sugar (Gluconeogenesis)

25
Q

Adrenal glands (stress response) - where are they and what do they do?

A

The two adrenal (suprenal) glands are situated on the upper pole of each kidney.
A stressor is any effect on the body either internal or external that disturbs homeostasis.

26
Q

ACTH- (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - where is this released from? What does it stimulate and where from?

A

Kidney
from the anterior pituitary - is released due to long term stress which stimulates release of glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.

27
Q

Adrenal Medulla - where is this, what system is this part of and what hormones does it release? LINKED TO STRESS.

A

Kidney
Completely surrounded by the adrenal cortex. Developed from the nervous tissue, and is part of the sympathetic nervous system.
When stimulated by sympathetic nerve supply the glands release hormones
Adrenaline(epinephrine 80%) Noradrenaline(norepinephrine, 20%)

28
Q

Adrenal Cortex - Where is this? What 3 hormones does this produce? And what are the 3 hormones for?

A

Kidney
Produces three groups of steroid hormones from cholesterol (corticosteroids):
Glucocorticoids -life regulating metabolism inflammatory and immune responses; and stress.
Mineralocorticoids- maintaining water and electrolyte balance stimulates reabsorption of sodium(by renal tubules) and excretion of potassium in the urine.
Aldosterone is involved in regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. Renin -angiotensin-aldosterone system (Renal System)

29
Q

Secondary Endocrine organs - Kidney - what does it produce?

A

Erythropoietin site within the kidney -Red bone marrow- Stimulation of RBC production.

30
Q

Secondary Endocrine organ - Gastrointestinal system - what does it do?

A

Gastric glands- stimulates secretion of Gastric Juice

31
Q

Secondary Endocrine organ - Intestinal mucosa, stomach and pancreas - what does it produce? What does it do?

A

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; slows emptying of the stomach.

32
Q

Secondary Endocrine organ - Cholecystokinin(CCK) Site - Gallbladder and pancreas - what does it do?

A

stimulates release of bile

33
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical compound. Signalling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.

34
Q

Local hormones - Histamine - where is this stored and what is it for?

A

Synthesised and stored in blood.
Released as part of the inflammatory response, due to allergy.
Increase capillary permeability leading to vasodilation.

35
Q

Local hormones - Serotonin - where is this stored and what is it for?

A

Serotonin (5-HT) is present in platelets; in the brain and intestinal wall.
Stimulates intestinal secretion and contraction of smooth muscle.
Blood clotting
ALSO - neurotransmitter in the blood, influence on mood.

36
Q

Local hormones - Prostaglandins(PGs) - where is this stored and what is it for?

A

Found in most tissues;
They act on neighbouring cells, their action are short-lived as they are quickly metabolised, with negligible blood levels.
Have a potent and wide - ranging physiological effect in:
Inflammatory responses
Potentiation of pain
Stimulation of Gastric mucus production
Fever
Regulation of blood pressure
Blood clotting
Uterine contractions during labour

BIOSCIENCE (3 decks)

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