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MCB 247 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The regulatory hormones of the hypothalamus target what gland?

A

Anterior pituitary

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2
Q

What is not a hormone produced by the hypothalamus

A

Melatonin

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3
Q

If an individual experiences lack of sexual development/infertility, what hormone might they be lacking

A

GnRh

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4
Q

T/F the primary target of the regulatory hormones is the posterior pituitary

A

False

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5
Q

An increase in blood osmolality might trigger the release of what hormone produced by the
hypothalamus?

A

ADH

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6
Q

An individual that has gigantism might have a disorder called _________ that occurs when the
_________ produces too much ________

A

Acromegaly, pituitary gland, growth hormone

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7
Q

An increase in blood osmolality might trigger the release of what hormone produced by the hypothalamus

A

ADH

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8
Q

What hormone is synthesized by the hypothalamus and involved in a positive feedback loop

A

Oxytocin

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9
Q

What is the target of the regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Match the hormones to their functions

A

Regulatory - Anterior Pituitary

ADH - stimulates thirst center to increase fluid intake

Oxytocin - contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus

Melatonin - regulates cardiac rhythm

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11
Q

Regulatory hormone in the _______ target the _____ in order to control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

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12
Q

What statement is true

A

Both the hypothalamus and the pineal gland are located in the brain

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13
Q

What are the targets of ADH

A

Hypothalamus, kidney, blood vessels

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14
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone?

A

GHIH

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15
Q

T/F: The primary target of antidiuretic hormone is the kidney, hypothalamus, and blood vessels

A

True

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16
Q

What part of the brain is oxytocin secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary

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17
Q

What are the functions of melatonin

A

Regulates cardiac rhythm, sexual maturation

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18
Q

The Hypothalamus is located _________ to the thalamus, and ________ to the pituitary gland

A

Inferior, posterior

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19
Q

This hormone produced by the hypothalamus targets the uterus, breasts, and the brain

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

Place the following events in order regarding the release and effects of Growth Hormone

A

A. The hypothalamus responds to various stimuli
B. GH stimulates hepatocytes to release insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) into the blood
C. In response to GHRH the anterior pituitary gland releases growth hormone
D. A variable influences the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus
E. Both GH and IGFs stimulate target (effector) cells
F. Growth is stimulated; nutrient release into the bloodstream
G. Increased GH and IGF levels inhibit GHRH release; increased GH levels inhibit further release of GH
H. The hypothalamus releases GHRH into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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21
Q

The Hypothalamus connects to the _____ via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

T/F: The anterior pituitary gland stores and releases ADH and Oxytocin

A

False (this is the posterior pituitary gland)

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothalamus related disorders?

A

Dehydration, infertility, weight loss

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24
Q

The _____________ hormone produced by the hypothalamus targets the kidney, hypothalamus (thirst center), and blood vessels

A

ADH

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25
Q

Insomnia or hypersomnia are symptoms that can be caused due to _____________ ____________ disorder

A

Pineal gland

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26
Q

T/F: The hormone produced by the pineal gland targets muscle cells

A

False

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27
Q

What are the primary targets of ADH

A

Brain, kidney, hypothalamus, blood vessels

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28
Q

T/F: The hormones produced by the hypothalamus are regulatory hormones, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin

A

True

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29
Q

What is the primary target organ for Oxytocin

A

Breast(mammary glands), brain

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30
Q

Hypothyroidism can be caused by disfunction of the hypothalamus

A

Truie

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31
Q

What is not true about the hypothalamus

A

It is a vital part of the somatic nervous system, which contributes to involuntary bodily functions

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32
Q

T/F: The Oxytocin hormone is produced by the hypothalamus gland

A

True

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33
Q

Which is not a regulatory hormone produced by the hypothalamus?

A

ADH

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34
Q

T/F: Damage to the hypothalamus results in weigh gain

A

True

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35
Q

The hypothalamus produces oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, and __________ hormones

A

Regulatory

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36
Q

Which of the following stimulates the release of growth hormone

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

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37
Q

Which of the following decreases the release of growth hormone

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

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38
Q

Which of the following stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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39
Q

Which of the following stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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40
Q

Which of the following stimulates luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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41
Q

Which of the following decreases the secretion of prolactin

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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42
Q

Which of the following stimulates the secretion of prolactin

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone

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43
Q

T/F: The anterior pituitary is made up of nervous tissue and connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

False

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44
Q

Which of the following is a physiological function that is mediated by a hormone released by the anterior pituitary?

A

None of the above

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45
Q

T/F: Irregular levels of FSH may lead to infertility in women only

A

False

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46
Q

What hormone disorder results from excessive growth hormone production in adults and causes bones in the hands, feet, and face to enlarge/widen

A

Acromegaly

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47
Q

Which hormone will stimulate the release of a hormone resulting in an increase in metabolic rate of cells and heat production

A

TSH

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48
Q

The hormone _________regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production in females

A

Prolactin

49
Q

_____is released from _____________ into the hypophyseal portal veins to simulate the ____________to release both LH and ____. LH stimulates testes to release _____________, LH also stimulates the ovaries to cause ________ once a month

A

GnRH, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, FSH, testosterone, ovulation

50
Q

Identify all hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH, TSH, ACTH, GH

51
Q

What would be the consequence if there is an insufficient amount of PRL released

A

Unable to produce milk in females

52
Q

ACTH targets the _______________ to stimulate the release of_______________

A

Adrenal cortex, corticosteroids (cortisol)

53
Q

T/F: The FSH and LH hormones primary target are the ovaries only

A

False

54
Q

Which of the following is not a primary target or tissue of the Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Brain (goes to liver, muscle, and skeleton)

55
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is located directly superior to the hypothalamus

A

False

56
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones into the blood most directly via what vessels

A

Secondary plexus hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

57
Q

Jonathan is a 20-year-old male who is suffering from hypothyroidism. However, upon examination by a physician, it is determined that his thyroid looks normal, and he maintains a nutritious diet. A defect in which of the following structures may be a cause of Jonathan’s condition?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

58
Q

Lucy is a new mother who is having a hard time feeding her newborn son. Despite her child having no issue with latching, no milk is coming out when he tries to feed. A lack of which of the following hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland is most likely to be responsible for this problem?
a. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Prolactin

59
Q

T/F: The anterior pituitary gland is located in the hypothalamus

A

False

60
Q

Which hormone stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

61
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH, GH, LH, PRL

62
Q

T/F : The anterior pituitary gland is the larger lobe of the two, however, it secretes less hormones than the posterior pituitary gland

A

False

63
Q

The prolactin hormone of the anterior pituitary gland regulates mammary gland growth.

A

True

64
Q

The __________ hormone within the anterior pituitary gland controls testosterone synthesis within the testes

A

Luteinizing

65
Q

Hormones that target liver, fat, muscle, and bone

A

GH, IGF

66
Q

GH, FSH, and LH are secreted from the ____________, while TRH, CRH, and GnRH are secreted from the ______________

A

Anterior, hypothalamus

67
Q

List all hormones that are synthesized and released by the anterior pituitary gland

A

TSH, PRL, FSH, LH, ACTH, and GH

68
Q

T/F: The Luteinizing Hormone controls development of sperm in the testes.

A

False (follicle stimulating)

69
Q

Function of ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

70
Q

What hormones are released by the pituitary gland that end up at the gonads?

A

FSH, LH

71
Q

What is the most common cause of Acromegaly

A

Tumor on pituitary gland

72
Q

Cushing’s syndrome occurs when a pituitary tumor produces excessive amount of a hormone called:

A

ACTH

73
Q

All of the different types of hormones the anterior pituitary can produce are luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, and ________________________

A

TSH

74
Q

What hormone is involved in Cushings Disease

A

ACTH

75
Q

Which hormone produced controls the development of both oocyte and ovaries; controls the development of sperm within the testes

A

FSH

76
Q

What two hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland target the Ovaries and Testis

A

FSH, LH

77
Q

All are organs that are target organs for Growth Hormone EXCEPT

A

All cells

78
Q

T/F: ACTH deficiency is caused by the lack of the TSH hormone

A

False

79
Q

The hypothalamus is in constant communication with the ________________________ to release hormones. One of the hormones produced by this gland is named ________________ which stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones to increase the metabolic rate

A

Pituitary gland, TSH

80
Q

The growth hormone works synergistically with what other hormone

A

IGF

81
Q

T/F: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone released by the pancreas as a
response to stress and low blood sugar

A

False

82
Q

T/F: True/false- The follicle-Stimulating Hormone stimulates the development of Sperm and oocyte

A

True

83
Q

How many hormones are produced from the anterior pituitary gland and what are they

A

6
TSH, ACTH< PRL< GH< FSH< LH

84
Q

Insufficient secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone can lead to insufficient levels of thyroid hormone causing

A

Hypothyroidism

85
Q

The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by the _____ and releases _____ from the adrenal cortex

A

Anterior pituitary, corticosteroids

86
Q

What structures does Luteinizing hormone (LH) target

A

Ovaries, testes

87
Q

T/F: The posterior pituitary synthesizes ADH and oxytocin, to then be stored and released from the hypothalamus

A

False

88
Q

What is true of ADH

A

Vasopressin, stimulates kidney to decrease urine output, in high doses can act as a vasoconstrictor, targets the kidney

89
Q

_______ of ADH prevents the kidneys from reabsorbing more water, so it is released in your urine.

A

Hyposecretion- blood diluted, urine concentrated

90
Q

ADH is a vasoconstrictor (vasopressin). A person with excessive vasopressin (syndrome of inappropriate Antidiuretic hormone) will have symptoms of

A

Muscle cramps, nausea, headaches, seizures

91
Q

T/F: Antidiuretic hormones are released due to decrease in blood concentrations

A

False

92
Q

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water?

A

ADH

93
Q

___________ hormone is associated with both SIADH and Diabetes Insipidus in Children

A

ADH

94
Q

T/F: Oxytocin targets only the brain

A

False

95
Q

T/F: Growth Hormones stimulates the liver to release insulin growth factors

A

True

96
Q

T/F: The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland are connected by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, which is used to transport hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

A

True

97
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called __________. While hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called _____________

A

Gigantism, dwarfism

98
Q

What type of muscle does oxytocin help contract in the uterus

A

Smooth muscle

99
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Eject milk, emotional feelings of bonding

100
Q

T/F: ADH and oxytocin are transported to the posterior pituitary gland through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

True

101
Q

ADH and oxytocin are produced in the

A

Hypothalamus

102
Q

T/F: The posterior pituitary gland is attached to the corpus callosum, via nerves and blood vessels

A

False

103
Q

The term hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract refers to a connection between which two endocrine structures

A

Hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary

104
Q

A patient has been experiencing a lot of weight gain in their mid section and their face has also gotten noticeably rounder. The patient was confused because they were losing weight in their arms and legs while gaining weight in other areas. They were also bruising a lot easier than normal. When going in to see what was going on, the doctor found that there was a pituitary tumor that was producing excessive amounts of ACTH causing all of these problems. What disorder is this patient experiencing

A

Cushing syndrome

105
Q

When dehydrated, antidiuretic hormone stimulates the kidneys to increase/decrease the urine output and the thirst center to increase/decrease fluid intake

A

Decrease, increase

106
Q

Diabetes insipidus, a disorder characterized by the need to urinate frequently, is caused by the lack of the hormone, ________________

A

ADH

107
Q

The pineal gland produces _____________ , which targets the __________ to regulate the circadian rhythm and function in sexual maturation

A

Melanoma, brain

108
Q

Excessive _____ can delay the onset of puberty

A

Melatonin

109
Q

Pineal gland characteristics

A

Secretes the hormone melatonin
Is involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)
Sensitive to light and darkness

110
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Decrease blood calcium levels

111
Q

Which of the following cells produces calcitonin and PTH

A

C cells, follicle cells

112
Q

T/F: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by a high level of T-4 and a low level of TSH

A

True

113
Q

T/F: Cretinism is disease that is characterized by stunted physical and mental growth due to hyperthyroidism

A

False

114
Q

T/F: Hypothyroidism causes an increase in the production of TH

A

False

115
Q

T/F: A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid usually due to an insufficient amount of iodine

A

True

116
Q

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

117
Q

Which hormone is NOT matched with its correct function and releasing location

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone –> activates thyroid gland, produced by the anterior pituitary

118
Q

End on: match each thyroid disorder with the statement that best describes it

A

MCB 247 (1 decks)

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