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Human Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.

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2
Q

glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

Major glands of the Endocrine System

A

pineal gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
ovaries
testes
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
hypothalamus
adrenal glands

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4
Q

endocrine system

A

collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things

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5
Q

collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things

A

endocrine system

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6
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

suprarenal gland.

It is a small, triangular-shaped gland located on top of both our kidneys.

Produce hormones required for healthy life.

Produces hormones that:
- Controls sex (androgens, estrogens),
- Controls salt balance in the blood (aldosterone),
- Sugar balance (cortisol).

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7
Q

suprarenal gland.

It is a small, triangular-shaped gland located on top of both our kidneys.

Produce hormones required for healthy life.

Produces hormones that:
- Controls sex (androgens, estrogens),
- Controls salt balance in the blood (aldosterone),
- Sugar balance (cortisol).

A

Adrenal Gland

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8
Q

Parts of the Adrenal Gland

A

Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla

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9
Q

adrenal medulla

A

produces hormones involved in the fight-or-flight response (catecholamines, or adrenaline type hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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10
Q

produces hormones involved in the fight-or-flight response (catecholamines, or adrenaline type hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine)

A

adrenal medulla

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11
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Produces hormones that regulate body temperature, appetite and weight, mood, sex drive, sleep, and thirst

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12
Q

Hormones released by the Hypothalamus

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
somatostatin
dopamine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Prolactin-controlling hormones

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13
Q

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
somatostatin
dopamine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Prolactin-controlling hormones

A

Hormones released by the Hypothalamus

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14
Q

Ovaries

A

Female reproductive glands that produce eggs and sex hormones (Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone) which are vital to reproductive organ development, breast development, bone health, pregnancy, and fertility

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15
Q

Female reproductive glands that produce eggs and sex hormones (Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone) which are vital to reproductive organ development, breast development, bone health, pregnancy, and fertility

A

Ovaries

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16
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.

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17
Q

Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.

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19
Q

Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.

A

Pancreas

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20
Q

Parathyroid

A

Controls the amount of calcium in our bones and blood.

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21
Q

Controls the amount of calcium in our bones and blood.

A

Parathyroid

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22
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin, which is important for sleep cycles.

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23
Q

Produces melatonin, which is important for sleep cycles.

A

Pineal Gland

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24
Q

Testes

A

Male reproductive glands produce sperm and secrete testosterone

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25
Q

Male reproductive glands produce sperm and secrete testosterone

A

Testes

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26
Q

Thymus Gland

A

located between your lungs and posterior to your sternum and superior to your heart

Active until puberty, produces cells crucial to the immune system that protect the body from threats such as viruses and infections.

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27
Q

located between your lungs and posterior to your sternum and superior to your heart

Active until puberty, produces cells crucial to the immune system that protect the body from threats such as viruses and infections.

A

Thymus Gland

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28
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Produces hormones that control the rate at which the body burns calories and how fast the heart beats.

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29
Q

Produces hormones that control the rate at which the body burns calories and how fast the heart beats.

A

Thyroid Gland

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30
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The “master control gland” makes hormones that control growth, reproduction, lactation, and the activity of other glands.

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31
Q

The “master control gland” makes hormones that control growth, reproduction, lactation, and the activity of other glands.

A

Pituitary Gland

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32
Q

Hormones

A

any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.

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33
Q

any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.

A

Hormones

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34
Q

Origin of the word hormone

A

Greek word meaning “to arouse.”

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35
Q

Greek word meaning “to arouse.”

A

Origin of the word hormone

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36
Q

What do hormones do?

A
  • Change plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential (electrical state) by opening or closing ion channels
  • Activate or inactive enzymes
  • Stimulate or inhibit cell division
  • Promote or inhibit secretion of a product
  • Turn on or turn off the transcription of certain genes
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37
Q

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex

A

Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )
Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )
Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )

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38
Q

Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )
Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )
Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )

A

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex

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39
Q

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla

A

Adrenaline ( Stress Hormone)

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40
Q

Adrenaline ( Stress Hormone)

A

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla

41
Q

Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )

A

It is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the zona fasciculata.

Regulates and increases blood pressure.
Decreases bone formation.

Corticosterone: This hormone works with hydrocortisone to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions.

42
Q

It is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the zona fasciculata.

Regulates and increases blood pressure.
Decreases bone formation.

Corticosterone: This hormone works with hydrocortisone to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions.

A

Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )

43
Q

Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )

A

Produced by the zona glomerulosa plays a central role in regulating blood pressure and certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium).

Maintains the right balance of salt and water while helping control blood pressure.

44
Q

Produced by the zona glomerulosa plays a central role in regulating blood pressure and certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium).

Maintains the right balance of salt and water while helping control blood pressure.

A

Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )

45
Q

Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )

A

These hormones produced by the zona reticularis are weak male hormones.

They are precursor hormones that are converted in the ovaries into female hormones (estrogens) and in the testes into male hormones (androgens).

46
Q

These hormones produced by the zona reticularis are weak male hormones.

They are precursor hormones that are converted in the ovaries into female hormones (estrogens) and in the testes into male hormones (androgens).

A

Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )

47
Q

Adrenaline ( Stress Hormone)

A

Catecholamines

Includes Dopamine, Epinephrine (adrenaline), and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Fight or flight response when sensing danger.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are often activated in physically and emotionally stressful situations when your body needs additional resources and energy to endure unusual strain.

48
Q

Catecholamines

A

A type of neurohormone (a chemical that is made by nerve cells and used to send signals to other cells). Catecholamines are important in stress responses.

49
Q

A type of neurohormone (a chemical that is made by nerve cells and used to send signals to other cells). Important in stress responses.

A

Catecholamines

50
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

located towards the
base of the brain, inferior to the thalamus.
It is also superior to the pituitary gland and
brain stem.

51
Q

located towards the
base of the brain, inferior to the thalamus.
It is also superior to the pituitary gland and
brain stem.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

52
Q

Functions of the Hypothalamus

A

Thermoregulation
Releasing hormones
Heart rate, BP, Appetite & Body weight control
Fluid & Electrolyte balance include thirst
Maintenance of sleep cycle & sex drive

53
Q

Thermoregulation
Releasing hormones
Heart rate, BP, Appetite & Body weight control
Fluid & Electrolyte balance includes thirst
Maintenance of sleep cycle & sex drive

A

Functions of the Hypothalamus

54
Q

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

This hormone is the master regulator of the thyroid.

55
Q

This hormone is the master regulator of the thyroid.

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

56
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

This causes the pituitary gland to release hormones that keep the sexual organs for both men and women working properly.

57
Q

This causes the pituitary gland to release hormones that keep the sexual organs for both men and women working properly.

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

58
Q

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration

59
Q

stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

60
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

regulates metabolism and immune response

61
Q

regulates metabolism and immune response

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

62
Q

somatostatin

A
63
Q

works to stop the pituitary gland from releasing certain hormones, including growth hormones and TRH.

A

somatostatin

64
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin

A
65
Q

helps to regulate the amount of water in the body.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin

66
Q

Oxytocin

A

This hormone is involved in several processes. Mainly, it facilitates childbirth and the release of a mother’s breast milk.

67
Q

This hormone is involved in several processes. Mainly, it facilitates childbirth and the release of a mother’s breast milk.

A

Oxytocin

68
Q

Prolactin-controlling hormones

A

These are hormones such as dopamine and estrogen that tell the pituitary gland to either start or stop breast milk production in lactating mothers.

69
Q

These are hormones such as dopamine and estrogen that tell the pituitary gland to either start or stop breast milk production in lactating mothers.

A

Prolactin-controlling hormones

70
Q

Insulin

A

It is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by lowering glucose levels in the bloodstream. It also promotes the storage of glucose in fat, mucle, liver and other body tissues for later use.

71
Q

It is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by lowering glucose levels in the bloodstream. It also promotes the storage of glucose in fat, mucle, liver and other body tissues for later use.

A

Insulin

72
Q

Glucagon

A

It is a hormone that aids to regulate the blood sugar levels by increasing it to prevent the person’s blood sugar level from dropping to low

73
Q

It is a hormone that aids to regulate the blood sugar levels by increasing it to prevent the person’s blood sugar level from dropping to low

A

Glucagon

74
Q

PARATHYROID

A

Our parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone, also known as parathormone.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is release to control the level of calcium in our blood and bones.

PTH also helps control the level of phosphorus (a mineral) and Vitamin D (a hormone) in our blood and bones.

There are body parts that are being affected when PTH are released:
- Bones
- Kidneys
- Small Intestines

75
Q

Releases parathyroid hormone, also known as parathormone.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is released to control the calcium level in our blood and bones.

PTH also helps control the level of phosphorus (a mineral) and Vitamin D (a hormone) in our blood and bones.
There are body parts that are being affected when PTH are released:
- Bones
- Kidneys
- Small Intestines

A

PARATHYROID

76
Q

PINEAL GLAND

A

referred to as the endocrine clock and endocrine calendar

Without Pineal Gland secreting melatonin, animals are unable to adapt psychologically to seasonal changes.

77
Q

referred to as the endocrine clock and endocrine calendar

Without it secreting melatonin, animals are unable to adapt psychologically to seasonal changes.

A

PINEAL GLAND

78
Q

Estrogen

A
  • It is vital for maturation growth and development of the reproductive organs.
    Stimulation of normal physiological processes of the tubular reproductive tract.
  • growth of the uterine muscle
  • development of the endometrial lining of the uterus
  • increase the vascularity of the uterus
79
Q
  • It is vital for maturation growth and development of the reproductive organs.
    Stimulation of normal physiological processes of the tubular reproductive tract.
  • growth of the uterine muscle
  • development of the endometrial lining of the uterus
  • increase the vascularity of the uterus
A

Estrogen

80
Q

Progesterone

A

It causes growth of the glandular system of the endometrium of the uterus, and the secretions from the endometrial glands (uterine milk) for the nutrition of the ovum and the attachment of the embryo.

It also plays a role in the maintenance of pregnancy by providing a favorable environment for survival of the embryo.

81
Q

It causes growth of the glandular system of the endometrium of the uterus, and the secretions from the endometrial glands (uterine milk) for the nutrition of the ovum and the attachment of the embryo.

It also plays a role in the maintenance of pregnancy by providing a favorable environment for survival of the embryo.

A

Progesterone

82
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Necessary for proper physical development in boys. It is the primary androgen.
  • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control how much testosterone the testes produce and secrete.
83
Q
  • Necessary for proper physical development in boys. It is the primary androgen.
  • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control how much testosterone the testes produce and secrete.
A

Testosterone

84
Q

thymosin

A

Produced by the thymus gland

a hormone necessary for T cell development and production.

85
Q

Produced by the thymus gland

a hormone necessary for T cell development and production.

A

thymosin

86
Q

Extra info for Thymus

A

T lymphocytes (T cells): T cells control your body’s immune system response and directly attack and kill infected cells and tumor cells.

Throughout your childhood years, white blood cells called lymphocytes pass through the thymus, where they are transformed into T cells.

After the T-cells have matured, they enter your bloodstream. They travel to your lymph nodes (groups of cells) and other organs in your lymphatic system, where they help your immune system fight disease and infection.

87
Q

Hormones released by the Thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine, also known as T3.
Tetraiodothyronine, more commonly known as thyroxine or T4.
Calcitonin.

88
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

is the active form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine. Plays vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and function, and the maintenance of bones.

89
Q

is the active form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine. Plays vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and function, and the maintenance of bones.

A

Triiodothyronine

90
Q

Tetraiodothyronine

A

Contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. Thyroxine can also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat thyroid disorders.

91
Q

Contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. Thyroxine can also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat thyroid disorders.

A

Tetraiodothyronine

92
Q

Calcitonin

A

a 32 amino acid hormone secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It lowers calcium levels in your blood (not your bones). It does this by inhibiting (blocking) the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone.

93
Q

a 32 amino acid hormone secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It lowers calcium levels in your blood (not your bones). It does this by inhibiting (blocking) the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone.

A

Calcitonin

94
Q

Most common thyroid disorders

A

Hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs

Hypothyroidism - when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones

95
Q

Hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs

Hypothyroidism - when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones

A

Most common thyroid disorders

96
Q

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland - Anterior

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACH) - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Prolactin - prolactin-releasing hormone

Growth Hormone (GH) - growth hormone-stimulating hormone

97
Q

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland - Posterior

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - vasopressin

Oxytocin

98
Q

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland - Intermediate

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Human Physiology (2 decks)

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