Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine glands
glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.
glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.
Endocrine glands
Major glands of the Endocrine System
pineal gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
ovaries
testes
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
hypothalamus
adrenal glands
endocrine system
collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things
collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things
endocrine system
Adrenal Gland
suprarenal gland.
It is a small, triangular-shaped gland located on top of both our kidneys.
Produce hormones required for healthy life.
Produces hormones that:
- Controls sex (androgens, estrogens),
- Controls salt balance in the blood (aldosterone),
- Sugar balance (cortisol).
suprarenal gland.
It is a small, triangular-shaped gland located on top of both our kidneys.
Produce hormones required for healthy life.
Produces hormones that:
- Controls sex (androgens, estrogens),
- Controls salt balance in the blood (aldosterone),
- Sugar balance (cortisol).
Adrenal Gland
Parts of the Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
adrenal medulla
produces hormones involved in the fight-or-flight response (catecholamines, or adrenaline type hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine)
produces hormones involved in the fight-or-flight response (catecholamines, or adrenaline type hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine)
adrenal medulla
Hypothalamus
Produces hormones that regulate body temperature, appetite and weight, mood, sex drive, sleep, and thirst
Hormones released by the Hypothalamus
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
somatostatin
dopamine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Prolactin-controlling hormones
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
somatostatin
dopamine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Prolactin-controlling hormones
Hormones released by the Hypothalamus
Ovaries
Female reproductive glands that produce eggs and sex hormones (Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone) which are vital to reproductive organ development, breast development, bone health, pregnancy, and fertility
Female reproductive glands that produce eggs and sex hormones (Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone) which are vital to reproductive organ development, breast development, bone health, pregnancy, and fertility
Ovaries
Pancreas
Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.
Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.
Pancreas
Pancreas
Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.
Produces insulin, glucagon and other hormones but primarily responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.
Pancreas
Parathyroid
Controls the amount of calcium in our bones and blood.
Controls the amount of calcium in our bones and blood.
Parathyroid
Pineal Gland
Produces melatonin, which is important for sleep cycles.
Produces melatonin, which is important for sleep cycles.
Pineal Gland
Testes
Male reproductive glands produce sperm and secrete testosterone
Male reproductive glands produce sperm and secrete testosterone
Testes
Thymus Gland
located between your lungs and posterior to your sternum and superior to your heart
Active until puberty, produces cells crucial to the immune system that protect the body from threats such as viruses and infections.
located between your lungs and posterior to your sternum and superior to your heart
Active until puberty, produces cells crucial to the immune system that protect the body from threats such as viruses and infections.
Thymus Gland
Thyroid Gland
Produces hormones that control the rate at which the body burns calories and how fast the heart beats.
Produces hormones that control the rate at which the body burns calories and how fast the heart beats.
Thyroid Gland
Pituitary Gland
The “master control gland” makes hormones that control growth, reproduction, lactation, and the activity of other glands.
The “master control gland” makes hormones that control growth, reproduction, lactation, and the activity of other glands.
Pituitary Gland
Hormones
any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.
any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.
Hormones
Origin of the word hormone
Greek word meaning “to arouse.”
Greek word meaning “to arouse.”
Origin of the word hormone
What do hormones do?
- Change plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential (electrical state) by opening or closing ion channels
- Activate or inactive enzymes
- Stimulate or inhibit cell division
- Promote or inhibit secretion of a product
- Turn on or turn off the transcription of certain genes
Hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )
Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )
Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )
Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )
Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )
Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )
Hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex
Hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla
Adrenaline ( Stress Hormone)
Adrenaline ( Stress Hormone)
Hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla
Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )
It is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the zona fasciculata.
Regulates and increases blood pressure.
Decreases bone formation.
Corticosterone: This hormone works with hydrocortisone to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions.
It is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the zona fasciculata.
Regulates and increases blood pressure.
Decreases bone formation.
Corticosterone: This hormone works with hydrocortisone to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions.
Cortisol ( Hydrocortisone )
Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )
Produced by the zona glomerulosa plays a central role in regulating blood pressure and certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium).
Maintains the right balance of salt and water while helping control blood pressure.
Produced by the zona glomerulosa plays a central role in regulating blood pressure and certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium).
Maintains the right balance of salt and water while helping control blood pressure.
Aldosterone ( Mineralocorticoid )
Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )
These hormones produced by the zona reticularis are weak male hormones.
They are precursor hormones that are converted in the ovaries into female hormones (estrogens) and in the testes into male hormones (androgens).
These hormones produced by the zona reticularis are weak male hormones.
They are precursor hormones that are converted in the ovaries into female hormones (estrogens) and in the testes into male hormones (androgens).
Sex Hormones ( Androgenic Steroids )
Adrenaline ( Stress Hormone)
Catecholamines
Includes Dopamine, Epinephrine (adrenaline), and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Fight or flight response when sensing danger.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are often activated in physically and emotionally stressful situations when your body needs additional resources and energy to endure unusual strain.
Catecholamines
A type of neurohormone (a chemical that is made by nerve cells and used to send signals to other cells). Catecholamines are important in stress responses.
A type of neurohormone (a chemical that is made by nerve cells and used to send signals to other cells). Important in stress responses.
Catecholamines
HYPOTHALAMUS
located towards the
base of the brain, inferior to the thalamus.
It is also superior to the pituitary gland and
brain stem.
located towards the
base of the brain, inferior to the thalamus.
It is also superior to the pituitary gland and
brain stem.
HYPOTHALAMUS
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Thermoregulation
Releasing hormones
Heart rate, BP, Appetite & Body weight control
Fluid & Electrolyte balance include thirst
Maintenance of sleep cycle & sex drive
Thermoregulation
Releasing hormones
Heart rate, BP, Appetite & Body weight control
Fluid & Electrolyte balance includes thirst
Maintenance of sleep cycle & sex drive
Functions of the Hypothalamus
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
This hormone is the master regulator of the thyroid.
This hormone is the master regulator of the thyroid.
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
This causes the pituitary gland to release hormones that keep the sexual organs for both men and women working properly.
This causes the pituitary gland to release hormones that keep the sexual organs for both men and women working properly.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration
stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
regulates metabolism and immune response
regulates metabolism and immune response
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
somatostatin
works to stop the pituitary gland from releasing certain hormones, including growth hormones and TRH.
somatostatin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin
helps to regulate the amount of water in the body.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin
Oxytocin
This hormone is involved in several processes. Mainly, it facilitates childbirth and the release of a mother’s breast milk.
This hormone is involved in several processes. Mainly, it facilitates childbirth and the release of a mother’s breast milk.
Oxytocin
Prolactin-controlling hormones
These are hormones such as dopamine and estrogen that tell the pituitary gland to either start or stop breast milk production in lactating mothers.
These are hormones such as dopamine and estrogen that tell the pituitary gland to either start or stop breast milk production in lactating mothers.
Prolactin-controlling hormones
Insulin
It is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by lowering glucose levels in the bloodstream. It also promotes the storage of glucose in fat, mucle, liver and other body tissues for later use.
It is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by lowering glucose levels in the bloodstream. It also promotes the storage of glucose in fat, mucle, liver and other body tissues for later use.
Insulin
Glucagon
It is a hormone that aids to regulate the blood sugar levels by increasing it to prevent the person’s blood sugar level from dropping to low
It is a hormone that aids to regulate the blood sugar levels by increasing it to prevent the person’s blood sugar level from dropping to low
Glucagon
PARATHYROID
Our parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone, also known as parathormone.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is release to control the level of calcium in our blood and bones.
PTH also helps control the level of phosphorus (a mineral) and Vitamin D (a hormone) in our blood and bones.
There are body parts that are being affected when PTH are released:
- Bones
- Kidneys
- Small Intestines
Releases parathyroid hormone, also known as parathormone.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is released to control the calcium level in our blood and bones.
PTH also helps control the level of phosphorus (a mineral) and Vitamin D (a hormone) in our blood and bones.
There are body parts that are being affected when PTH are released:
- Bones
- Kidneys
- Small Intestines
PARATHYROID
PINEAL GLAND
referred to as the endocrine clock and endocrine calendar
Without Pineal Gland secreting melatonin, animals are unable to adapt psychologically to seasonal changes.
referred to as the endocrine clock and endocrine calendar
Without it secreting melatonin, animals are unable to adapt psychologically to seasonal changes.
PINEAL GLAND
Estrogen
- It is vital for maturation growth and development of the reproductive organs.
Stimulation of normal physiological processes of the tubular reproductive tract. - growth of the uterine muscle
- development of the endometrial lining of the uterus
- increase the vascularity of the uterus
- It is vital for maturation growth and development of the reproductive organs.
Stimulation of normal physiological processes of the tubular reproductive tract. - growth of the uterine muscle
- development of the endometrial lining of the uterus
- increase the vascularity of the uterus
Estrogen
Progesterone
It causes growth of the glandular system of the endometrium of the uterus, and the secretions from the endometrial glands (uterine milk) for the nutrition of the ovum and the attachment of the embryo.
It also plays a role in the maintenance of pregnancy by providing a favorable environment for survival of the embryo.
It causes growth of the glandular system of the endometrium of the uterus, and the secretions from the endometrial glands (uterine milk) for the nutrition of the ovum and the attachment of the embryo.
It also plays a role in the maintenance of pregnancy by providing a favorable environment for survival of the embryo.
Progesterone
Testosterone
- Necessary for proper physical development in boys. It is the primary androgen.
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control how much testosterone the testes produce and secrete.
- Necessary for proper physical development in boys. It is the primary androgen.
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control how much testosterone the testes produce and secrete.
Testosterone
thymosin
Produced by the thymus gland
a hormone necessary for T cell development and production.
Produced by the thymus gland
a hormone necessary for T cell development and production.
thymosin
Extra info for Thymus
T lymphocytes (T cells): T cells control your body’s immune system response and directly attack and kill infected cells and tumor cells.
Throughout your childhood years, white blood cells called lymphocytes pass through the thymus, where they are transformed into T cells.
After the T-cells have matured, they enter your bloodstream. They travel to your lymph nodes (groups of cells) and other organs in your lymphatic system, where they help your immune system fight disease and infection.
Hormones released by the Thyroid
Triiodothyronine, also known as T3.
Tetraiodothyronine, more commonly known as thyroxine or T4.
Calcitonin.
Triiodothyronine
is the active form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine. Plays vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and function, and the maintenance of bones.
is the active form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine. Plays vital roles in the body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development and function, and the maintenance of bones.
Triiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine
Contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. Thyroxine can also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat thyroid disorders.
Contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. Thyroxine can also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat thyroid disorders.
Tetraiodothyronine
Calcitonin
a 32 amino acid hormone secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It lowers calcium levels in your blood (not your bones). It does this by inhibiting (blocking) the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone.
a 32 amino acid hormone secreted by the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It lowers calcium levels in your blood (not your bones). It does this by inhibiting (blocking) the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone.
Calcitonin
Most common thyroid disorders
Hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs
Hypothyroidism - when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones
Hyperthyroidism - when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs
Hypothyroidism - when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones
Most common thyroid disorders
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland - Anterior
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACH) - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin - prolactin-releasing hormone
Growth Hormone (GH) - growth hormone-stimulating hormone
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland - Posterior
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - vasopressin
Oxytocin
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland - Intermediate
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
