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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q
  • a system of glands &
    hormone-secreting
    cells that regulate
    body functions
    through chemical
    messages called
    hormones.
A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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2
Q
  • controls & integrates
    the functions of other
    organ systems in the
    body
  • together with the
    nervous system, is a
    major regulator of
    homeostasis
A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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3
Q
  • a substance secreted by
    an endocrine gland
A

HORMONE

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4
Q
  • released into the
    circulation & distributed
    to distant organs/tissues
A

HORMONE

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5
Q

target organ/tissue: an
organ /tissue which
contains specific
receptor sites to a
particular hormone

A

HORMONE

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6
Q

only exerts its effects on
target organs or tissues

A

HORMONE

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7
Q

alters the cellular
activity of target
organs/tissues

A

HORMONE

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8
Q
  • formed from cholesterol
  • are lipid-soluble
  • examples: cortisol,

aldosterone

A

Steroidal hormones

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9
Q
  • receptor is located in the

target cell’s nucleus

A

Steroidal hormones

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10
Q
  • mechanism of action:

a) diffuses through plasma
membrane of target cell
b) once in ICF, enters the
nucleus & binds to a
receptor protein to form a hormone-receptor complex
c) hormone-receptor complex
binds to specific sites on DNA
d) certain genes are activated to
transcribe mRNA , w/c is then
translated in cytoplasm
e) new proteins are synthesized
& produce a response

A

Steroidal hormones

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11
Q

are amino acid-based &

water-soluble

  • example: norepinephrine
A

Non-steroidal hormones

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12
Q
  • could not enter cell
  • receptor is located on the target cell’s plasma
    membrane
A

Non-steroidal hormones

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13
Q
  • needs a second messenger
    (usually cyclic adenosine
    monophosphate or cAMP)
    to bring about a response
A

Non-steroidal hormones

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14
Q
  • mechanism of action:

a) binds to the membrane
receptor
b) a reaction starts inside the cell
that converts ATP into cAMP.
c) cAMP activates several
proteins
d) activated proteins cause
reactions that produce
physiological responses

A

Non-steroidal hormones

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15
Q
  • glands secrete their
    hormones in direct response
    to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood
A

Humoral regulation

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16
Q

Changing level of substance in plasma-> endocrine gland-> target cells-> action

A

process of humoral regulation

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17
Q
  • glands secrete their
    hormones when directly
    stimulated by the nervous system
  • example: adrenal medulla
A

Neural regulation

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18
Q

Nervous system-> endocrine gland-> target cells-> action

A

process of neural regulation

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19
Q

glands secrete their
hormones in response to
hormones released by other
endocrine glands
* example: thyroid gland

A

Hormonal regulation

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20
Q

hypothalamus-> anterior pituitary gland-> peripheral endocrine gland-> target cells-> action

A

process of hormonal regulation

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21
Q
  • the feedback system
    controlling most hormones
  • example: PTH & calcitonin
A

Negative feedback

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22
Q
  • oxytocin is regulated via this feedback mechanism
A

Positive feedback

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23
Q

 or deficient
supply of the
hormone
e.g.:
hypothyroidism

A

HYPOSECRETION

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24
Q

 or excessive
supply of the
hormone
e.g.:
hyperthyroidism

A

HYPERSECRETION

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25
Q
  • located in the brain
  • serves as the major
    link bet. the
    nervous &
    endocrine system
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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26
Q
  • although NOT a
    gland, it regulates
    the secretory
    activity of the
    pituitary gland
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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27
Q
  • target organ:
    pituitary
    gland
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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28
Q
  • hormones produced:
    releasing hormones
    o TRH
    o CRH
    o GnRH
    o GHRH
    o PRH
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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29
Q
  • hormones produced:
    inhibiting
    hormones
    o GHIH or
    somatostatin
    o PIH
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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30
Q
  • also called,
    “hypophysis”
  • lies in the sella
    turcica of the
    sphenoid bone at
    the base of the
    brain
A

PITUITARY GLAND

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31
Q
  • divided into 2
    lobes - the
    anterior &
    posterior
    pituitary glands
A

PITUITARY GLAND

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32
Q
  • infundibulum: a stalk-like
    structure that attaches the
    pituitary gland to the
    hypothalamus
A

PITUITARY GLAND

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33
Q

: blood
vessels w/in the infundibulum
that connect the capillaries of
the hypothalamus to the
capillaries of the anterior
pituitary gland

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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34
Q

: specialized
form of nerve cells that secrete a “neurotransmitter” into the bloodstream rather than into a synaptic cleft; found in the hypothalamus & some may extend to the posterior pituitary

A

neurosecretory cells

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35
Q
  • the smaller lobe of the
    pituitary gland
  • contains the axons &
    axon terminals of
    neurosecretory cells
    whose cell bodies are in
    the hypothalamus
  • also called
    “neurohypophysis”
  • does not synthesize
    hormones but stores &
    releases two hormones:
    oxytocin & ADH
A

Posterior Pituitary
Gland

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36
Q
  • plays a role in childbirth & lactation
  • primarily regulated via
    positive feedback
  • partly responsible for the
    feelings of sexual pleasure
    during and after intercourse
A

Oxytocin

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37
Q

target tissue: smooth muscles in
the walls of the uterus
stimulus: pressure on cervix
response: uterine contraction to
expel fetus & placenta

A

during childbirth

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38
Q

target tissue: mammary glands
stimulus: stimulating/sucking
of mother’s nipples
response: milk ejection or “let down”

A

lactation (after childbirth)

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39
Q
  • also called “vasopressin”
  • controlled by hypothalamus
    (neural regulation)
  • stimuli:
    ✓ dehydration/ water
    content
    ✓  blood osmolality or
    concentration
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

40
Q
  • main function: to conserve
    body water
  • target organs: kidneys, sweat glands & arterioles
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

41
Q

specific action:  water
retention/reabsorption by
kidney tubules
response: less water loss
from the blood into the
urine, &  urine volume

A

kidneys

42
Q

specific action:  perspiration
response:  water loss from
sweat

A

sweat glands

42
Q

specific action:  perspiration
response:  water loss from
sweat

A

sweat glands

43
Q

specific action: smooth
muscles contract →
vasoconstriction
response:  blood
pressure

A

arterioles

44
Q
  • factors that inhibit ADH
    release:
    ✓ alcohol intake
    ✓ caffeine intake
    ✓ cold weather
A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

45
Q
  • also called
    “adenohypophysis”
  • the larger lobe of the
    pituitary gland
  • controlled by the
    releasing & inhibiting
    hormones of the
    hypothalamus
    (hormonal regulation)
A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

46
Q
  • secretes the tropic
    hormones (TSH, ACTH,
    FSH & LH)
  • also secretes GH, PRL &
    MSH
A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

47
Q
  • also called “somatotropin”
  • its release is promoted by GHRH
    & inhibited by GHIH from
    hypothalamus (hormonal
    regulation)
  • target organs: liver, adipose
    tissue, muscles, bone, cartilage,
A

Growth hormone (GH)

48
Q

specific action: lipolysis or
breakdown of fat for energy
&  glucose synthesis by
the liver
response: maintained or
blood glucose levels

A

liver & adipose tissue

49
Q

specific action:  rate of
mitosis, amino acid
transport & protein
synthesis
response: growth until
puberty & tissue repair

A

muscles, bone & cartilage

50
Q
  • stimulus: excess CRH secretion from
    hypothalamus (hormonal regulation)
  • target cell: melanocytes on skin
  • response: skin darkening (occurs only in
    hyposecretion of adrenal cortex)
A

Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)

51
Q
  • promotes lactation
  • its release is promoted by PRH
    & inhibited by PIH from
    hypothalamus (hormonal
    regulation)
  • target tissue: mammary glands
  • response: milk production
A

Prolactin (PRL)

52
Q
  • also called “thyrotropin”
  • stimulus: TRH from
    hypothalamus (hormonal
    regulation)
  • target organ: thyroid gland
  • response: release of thyroid hormones
A

Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)

53
Q
  • also called “corticotropin”
  • stimulus: CRH from hypothalamus
    (hormonal regulation)
  • target organ: adrenal cortex
  • response: release of hormones from
    adrenal cortex
A

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)

54
Q
  • stimulus: GnRH from
    hypothalamus (hormonal
    regulation)
  • target organ: testicles &
    follicles of ovaries
  • response:
    females: development or
    maturation of egg cells &
    secretion of estrogen
  • response:
    males: development of
    sperm cells
A

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH

55
Q
  • stimulus: GnRH from
    hypothalamus (hormonal
    regulation)
  • in males, also called interstitial
    cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
  • target organ: interstitial cells of
    testicles & follicles of ovaries
  • response:
    females: release of mature
    egg cell (ovulation) &
    secretion of progesterone
  • response:
    males: secretion of
    testosterone
A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

56
Q
  • butterfly-shaped organ on
    anterior neck
  • located inferior to the larynx
    (voicebox) & anterior &
    lateral to the trachea
  • isthmus: narrow, central
    portion of thyroid gland
    dividing it into left & right
    lobes
  • thyroid follicles:
    microscopic sacs that make
    up most of the gland
  • follicular cells: cells in the
    walls of the follicles that
    secrete thyroxine (T4) &
    triiodothyronine (T3)
A

THYROID GLAND

57
Q

lie bet.
the follicles & produce calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells:

58
Q
  • produced from iodine
  • stimulus: release of TSH from
    anterior pituitary (hormonal
    regulation)
  • target cells: various body cells
A

T3 & T4

59
Q
  • effects/response:
     ATP production → 
    basal metabolic rate (BMR)
    →  energy consumption
    from all food types & 
    oxygen consumption → 
    body temp.
  • effects/response:
     rate of protein synthesis
    (maintains normal growth
    & development together
    w/ GH)
    control of T3 & T4 secretion:
    a)  metabolic rate &  T3 &
    T4 in the blood stimulates
    release of TRH from
    hypothalamus
    b) TRH is carried along
    hypophyseal portal veins
    c) TRH stimulates anterior
    pituitary gland to secrete
    TSH.
    d) TSH is released into
    circulation.
    e) TSH stimulates follicular
    cells of thyroid gland to
    secrete T3 & T4.
    f) T3 & T4 is released into
    circulation &  metabolic
    rate
    g) elevated levels of T3 & T4
    inhibit release of TRH &
    then of TSH (negative
    feedback)
A

T3 & T4

60
Q
  • important for Ca++ homeostasis
  • stimulus: hypercalcemia or 
    Ca++ levels in the blood
    (humoral regulation)
  • target cells: osteoclasts & osteoblasts
  • specific actions:
    inhibits osteoclasts to 
    bone resorption
    stimulates osteoblasts to
     Ca++ deposition from
    the blood to the bones
  • response: Ca++ level of blood 
    & returns to normal
  • negative feedback: calcitonin release is inhibited once Ca++
    levels in blood return to
    normal
A

Calcitonin

61
Q

Four (4) small glands
embedded on
posterior side of
thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid Gland

62
Q
  • also called “parathormone”
  • important for Ca++ homeostasis
  • stimulus: hypocalcemia or  Ca++
    levels in the blood (humoral regulation)
  • target cells: osteoclasts & kidneys
A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

62
Q
  • also called “parathormone”
  • important for Ca++ homeostasis
  • stimulus: hypocalcemia or  Ca++
    levels in the blood (humoral regulation)
  • target cells: osteoclasts & kidneys
  • specific actions:
    stimulates osteoclasts to 
    bone resorption & move
    Ca++ from the bones to
    the blood
  • specific actions:
    stimulates kidneys to
    produce calcitriol , the
    active form of vitamin D
    which  absorption of
    Ca++ & PO4- from the
    small intestine
  • specific actions:
     reabsorption of Ca++ in
    the kidneys to  its
    excretion
     excretion of PO4-
    from the kidneys
  • response: Ca++ level of blood 
    & returns to normal
  • negative feedback: PTH
    release is inhibited once Ca++
    levels in blood return to
    normal
A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

63
Q
  • flattened organ
    located on LUQ
    of abdominal
    cavity, posterior
    to the stomach
    & in curve of
    the duodenum
  • has both
    exocrine &
    endocrine
    functions
A

PANCREAS

64
Q
  • Islets of Langerhans or
    pancreatic islets: the
    endocrine portion of the
    pancreas w/c contains 2
    types of cells w/c produce
    hormones that regulate
    metabolism of glucose
A

PANCREAS

65
Q
  • produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets
  • stimulus: hypoglycemia or 
    glucose levels in the blood
    (humoral regulation)
  • target cells: liver
A

Glucagon

66
Q
  • specific actions:
    glycogenolysis ( breakdown of
    glycogen to glucose)
    gluconeogenesis (conversion of
    fatty acids & excess amino acids into glucose)
A

Glucagon

67
Q
  • produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
  • stimulus: hyperglycemia or 
    glucose levels in the blood
    (humoral regulation)
  • target cells: various body cells
A

Insulin

68
Q
  • specific actions:
     diffusion of glucose into the cells &  utilization by the cells glycogenesis (conversion of
    glucose to glycogen in liver cells & skeletal muscles)
A

Insulin

69
Q
  • response: glucose level of blood
     & returns to normal
  • negative feedback: insulin release is inhibited once glucose levels in blood return to normal
A

Insulin

70
Q
  • located on top of
    each kidney
  • also called
    “suprarenal glands”
  • separated into
    adrenal cortex &
    adrenal medulla
A

ADRENAL GLANDS

71
Q
  • outer shell of adrenal
    gland
  • subdivided into 3 zones:
    ✓ zona glomerulosa
    (outer zone)
    ✓ zona fasciculata
    (middle zone)
    ✓ zona reticularis
    (inner zone)
A

ADRENAL CORTEX

72
Q
  • major mineralocorticoid secreted by cells of zona glomerulosa
  • stimulus: angiotensin II (as a result of  BP,  blood volume or
     Na+)
  • target organ: kidneys
A

Aldosterone

73
Q
  • specific actions:
     Na+ reabsorption by thekidneys to  blood volume & BP
     K+ excretion by the kidneys
  • response: Na+ level of blood,
    blood volume & BP  & returns
    to normal
  • negative feedback: aldosterone
    release is inhibited once blood
    volume, Na+ & BP return to
    normal
A

Aldosterone

74
Q
  • most abundant glucocorticoid
    secreted by cells of zona fasciculata
  • stimulus: ACTH from anterior pituitary gland (hormonal regulation)
  • active in periods of prolonged stress
  • target cells: various body cells
  • response:
    gluconeogenesis →  blood
    glucose levels
    keeps blood glucose levels high
    enough to support brain’s
    activities
  • in high doses:
    blocks histamine → depresses
    inflammatory response
    suppresses immune system by
    inhibiting WBCs
A

Cortisol

75
Q
  • secreted by cells of zona reticularis
  • converted to estrogen or testosterone in peripheral tissues
  • action: stimulate growth of axillary & pubic hair in males &
    females
A

Androgens

76
Q
  • inner core of
    adrenal gland
  • innervated by
    sympathetic
    division of ANS
A

ADRENAL MEDULLA

77
Q
  • stimulus: impulses from
    hypothalamus (neural regulation)
    in response to short-term stress
  • produces the fight or flight response
A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

78
Q
  • female gonads
  • located in pelvic cavity
A

OVARIES

79
Q
  • secreted by the follicle cells of the ovary
  • stimulus: FSH from anterior pituitary (hormonal regulation)
    functions:
    female secondary sex
    characteristics
    promotes maturation of
    egg cell/ovum
A

Estrogen & Progesterone
a) Estrogen

80
Q
  • secreted by the corpus luteum
    (remnant of the ovarian follicles )
  • stimulus: LH from anterior pituitary (hormonal regulation)
  • function:
    maintains pregnancy
A

Progesterone

81
Q
  • male gonads
  • located in scrotum
A

TESTES

82
Q
  • secreted by the interstitial cells
    of the testicles
  • stimulus: LH from anterior
    pituitary (hormonal regulation)
A

Testosterone

83
Q
  • small
    endocrine
    gland
    posterior to
    the
    thalamus
A

PINEAL GLAND

84
Q
  • hormone produced:
    melatonin
  • secretion is during
    darkness &  when
    light enters eye
  • fxn: stimulates the
    onset of sleep
A

PINEAL GLAND

85
Q
  • located posterior to
    the sternum,
    and superior
    to the heart
  • extends from
    lower neck to
    anterior
    thorax
A

THYMUS

86
Q
  • hormone
    produced:
    thymosin
  • fxn: promotes
    maturation of
    T-cell
    lymphocytes
A

THYMUS

87
Q
  • functions (depend on specific type):
    inflammation
    pain mechanisms
    blood clotting
    contraction of the uterus
    secretion of mucus in GIT
  • produced by: virtually all cells
    in the body (except RBCs)
  • PGs involved in pain are made
    in response to tissue injury →
    pain receptors become more
    sensitive to painful stimuli
A

Prostaglandins (PGs)

88
Q
  • produced by: kidneys
  • stimulus: low O2
    levels in blood
  • response:  rate of RBC
    production in bone marrow
A

Erythropoietin

89
Q
  • produced by: GI tract
  • examples: gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin
  • response: regulate digestive
    functions by influencing the
    activity of the stomach,
    intestines, liver, & pancreas.
A

GI hormones

90
Q
  • produced by: heart
  • stimulus:  blood volume
  • target organ & response:
    stimulates Na+ excretion from kidneys to  blood volume & BP
A

Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)

90
Q
  • produced by: heart
  • stimulus:  blood volume
  • target organ & response:
    stimulates Na+ excretion from kidneys to  blood volume & BP
A

Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)

91
Q
  • produced by: placenta (during pregnancy)
  • fxn: maintains pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to continue producing estrogen &
    progesterone
A

Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)

92
Q

the hormone tested during a
pregnancy test

A

Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (1 decks)

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