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anatomy and physiology 2 lab > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the endocrine system produce?

A

Hormones

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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A

chemical messengers that produce specific responses throughout the body

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3
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

Through capillaries in the body. Through the plasma

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4
Q

Endocrine glands are _____ glands

A

ductless

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5
Q

How is are endocrine glands arranged

A

into cords and branching networks in close contact with capillaries

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6
Q

What are 2 major endocrine organs?

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary(Hypophysis) gland

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

neuroendocrine organ that links nervous system and endocrine system

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

located in hypophyseal fossa and releases 9 important hormones

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9
Q

What are 5 hormones released by the pituitary gland?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimlatin hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and the melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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10
Q

How does the hypothalamus control production of hormones?

A

by secreting regulatory hormones that reach the anterior pituitary hormones that reach the anterior pituitary through hypophyseal portal system

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11
Q

What are the 2 classes of hormones the hypothalamus releases

A

the releasing
hormones and the inhibiting hormones

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12
Q

What do releasing hormones do?

A

Stimulate the synthesis and release of one or more hormones

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13
Q

What do inhibiting hormones do?

A

Inhibit synthesis and release of hormones

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14
Q

What type of feedback mechanism controls the hypothalamic regulatory hormone secretion?

A

Negative feedback

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15
Q

The two hypophyseal hormones released by the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

A

Oxytoxin and antidiuretic hormone of ADH

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16
Q

What is the precursor to thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroglobulin

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17
Q

What do parafollcular (C cells) embedded within the follicle produce?

A

Hormone calcitonin

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18
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Small round masses found on the posterior surface of the lateral loses o the thyroid. Chief cells secrete PTA.

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19
Q

Thymus

A

Located posterior to sternum and with age size and function Dec. Produces hormones thymosins

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20
Q

What are thymosins involved in?

A

Involved in the maturation or normal development of T cells necessary for the immune response.

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21
Q

Adrenal or suprarrenal glands

A

Found sitting on the superior border of each kidney, and are attached to them by a fibrous capsule. They have an outer cortex and an inner medulla.

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22
Q

The three areas of the adrenal cortex

A

Outer area= Zona glomerulosa. Middle area = zone fasciculata. Inner area=zona reticulata

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23
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Produces mineraldorticoids, especially the hormone aldosterone

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24
Q

What hormones does zona fasciculate produce?

A

Glucocorticoids like cortisol, cortisone and corticorterone

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25
What hormones does zona reticulate produce
Sex hormones called androgens.
26
Adrenal medulla
Contain chromatin cells that produce the catacholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine response.
27
Pancreas
An endocrine and an exocrine gland located behind the stomach
28
Islets of Langerhans
Clusters of cells that produce pancreatic hormones and they contain 4 different types of cells.
29
Beta cells in pancreas
Most abundant cell which secretes the hormone insulin.
30
Alpha cells in pancreas
One of the most abundant cells after insulin, and produces the hormone glucagon.
31
Delta cells in pancreas
Secrete somatostatin and comprise only 51 of islets of langerhans.
32
F cells in pancreas
Only 5%, and produce hormone pancreatic polypeptide.
33
Gonads
Part of the reproductive system that produce hormones.
34
Testis interstitial cells
cells produce the hormones androgens. The primary androgen is testosterone.
35
The sustentacular cells in Testis
Secrete inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH, and also the release of garb by the hypothalamus.
36
Female ovaries
Produce estrogens, progestins, And inhibin the principal estrogen is estradiol and progesterone is the main progestin
37
Pineal gland
Located - part of epitholamus. Contains pinealocytes
38
Pinealocytes
Cells that produce the hormone melatonin
39
Heart
Produce atrial natriuretic peptide.located in the walls of the heart's atria.
40
Intestines
Different cell pops produce diff hormones. Gastric, secretin, serotonin cholecystokinin. These coordinate activities in gi tract.
41
Placenta
Makes progesterone, estrogens, human chorionic gonadotropin
42
Kidneys
Hormones: erythropoietin, Calcitriol, renin.
43
Thyroid- stimulating Hormone TSH
Stimulates thyroid gland and promotes release of normal thyroid hormones
44
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release steroid hormones specifically the release of glucocorticoids
45
Follicle stimulating Hormone FSH
Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females. Sperm production in males.
46
Luteinizing Hormone LH
Stimulates ovulation, progestins production in females, androgen in males
47
Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulates milk production, promotes mammary gland development.
48
Melanocyte stimulating Hormone MSH
Stimulates melanin by melanocytes. MSH is inhibited by dopamine.
49
Growth hormone GH
Aka somatotropin. Stimulates cell growth ç replication in all body tissues. Mainly in skeletal muscle, cartilage, & bone tissue. Mobolizes stored fat, stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits gulicose uptake and metabolism.
50
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?
ADH and oxytocin.
51
Antidiuretic hormones ADH
Stimulates the Dec in output by water conservation. In high amounts raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction
52
Oxytocin
Females: string uterine contractions, lactation, sexual arousal, nurturing behavior. Males: believed to produce contraction of smooth muscle of duct system.
53
What 3 hormones does the thyroid produce?
T4/thyroxine = inactive form. T3/ triiothyroxine= active form. Calcitonin
54
T4 and T3
Secreted by follicular cells. Increase the rate of O2 uptake, basal metabolic rate, to help maintain body temp. Regulate growth development, and intracellular metabolism.
55
How do T3 and T4 regulate metabolism
By increasing protein synthesis and lipid breakdown
56
How do T3 and T4 enhance the effect of sympathetic regulation?
By increasing heart rate, blood pressure, nervousness and sweating.
57
Calcitonin
Produced in response to high levels of calcium in the blood.
58
Calcitonin in children
Stimulates bone growth and mineral deposition in skeleton.
59
Calcitonin in adults.
Lowers blood calcium& phosphate by decreasing the rate of removal of there minerals from bone.
60
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium, osteoclasts activity,kidney calcium reabsorption. Inhibits osteoblast deposition rate in blood.
61
What do osteoclasts do?
Release calcium in to the blood.
62
Calcitriol
Needed for calcium phosphate absorption from intestines
63
What are the 3 hormones released by the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
64
Aldosterone
Mineralcorticoid that see sodium ion and water reabsorción, and potassium secretion by kidneys
65
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol (95%), corticosterone, hydrocortisone help body resist stress thru protein and triglyceride breakdown and making more glucose and inc blood pressure
66
What happens when the body has high levels of glucocorticoids?
Depression of the immune system and inflammatory response.
67
What does the adrenal medulla release?
Catacholamines, epinephrine, and nor epinephrine
68
Gonadocorticoids or androgens
Testosterone: masculizing hormone. In reals it stimulates sexual drive and turns to estrogens after menopause.
69
Catacholamines
Epinephrine (80%), norepinephrine 20%. Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose, triglyceride breakdown
70
Pancreas hormones
Glucagon and insulin.
71
Glucagon
Released by alpha cells when blood sugar levels are low. Stimulates liver to make glucose and break glycogen down to increase blood glucose..
72
Insulin
Released by beta cells in response to high blood glucose, parasympathetic stimulation and nigh levels of amino acids. Increases the rate of glucose uptake/metabolism
73
Hormones of gonads
Estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, inhibin
74
Estrogens
Secreted by follicular cells of ovaries. Most important is estradiol which stimulates follicle maturation, reproduction maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics
75
Progestins
Progesterone is secreted by corpus later. Prepares uterus for implantations establishes menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy, and prepares mammary glands for breast milk.
76
Androgens
Testosterone secreted by interstitial cells of testis. Maturation of male sexual organs and sperm→ production of sperm and development of secondary sex characteristics→aggressive behavior
77
Inhibin
Produced→ sustentacular cells testis, and follicular cells ovaries. Inhibits FSH and maybe GnRH
78
Melatonin
Pineal gland production. Controls circadian rhythm. Ono free radical damage, prevents early sexual maturation
79
Thymosin (thymus)
Causes T lymphocytes to become mature.enables them to fight pathogens.

anatomy and physiology 2 lab (1 decks)

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