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anatomy and physiology 2 lab > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system produce?

A

Hormones

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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A

chemical messengers that produce specific responses throughout the body

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3
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

Through capillaries in the body. Through the plasma

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4
Q

Endocrine glands are _____ glands

A

ductless

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5
Q

How is are endocrine glands arranged

A

into cords and branching networks in close contact with capillaries

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6
Q

What are 2 major endocrine organs?

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary(Hypophysis) gland

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

neuroendocrine organ that links nervous system and endocrine system

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

located in hypophyseal fossa and releases 9 important hormones

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9
Q

What are 5 hormones released by the pituitary gland?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimlatin hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and the melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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10
Q

How does the hypothalamus control production of hormones?

A

by secreting regulatory hormones that reach the anterior pituitary hormones that reach the anterior pituitary through hypophyseal portal system

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11
Q

What are the 2 classes of hormones the hypothalamus releases

A

the releasing
hormones and the inhibiting hormones

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12
Q

What do releasing hormones do?

A

Stimulate the synthesis and release of one or more hormones

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13
Q

What do inhibiting hormones do?

A

Inhibit synthesis and release of hormones

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14
Q

What type of feedback mechanism controls the hypothalamic regulatory hormone secretion?

A

Negative feedback

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15
Q

The two hypophyseal hormones released by the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

A

Oxytoxin and antidiuretic hormone of ADH

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16
Q

What is the precursor to thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroglobulin

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17
Q

What do parafollcular (C cells) embedded within the follicle produce?

A

Hormone calcitonin

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18
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Small round masses found on the posterior surface of the lateral loses o the thyroid. Chief cells secrete PTA.

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19
Q

Thymus

A

Located posterior to sternum and with age size and function Dec. Produces hormones thymosins

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20
Q

What are thymosins involved in?

A

Involved in the maturation or normal development of T cells necessary for the immune response.

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21
Q

Adrenal or suprarrenal glands

A

Found sitting on the superior border of each kidney, and are attached to them by a fibrous capsule. They have an outer cortex and an inner medulla.

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22
Q

The three areas of the adrenal cortex

A

Outer area= Zona glomerulosa. Middle area = zone fasciculata. Inner area=zona reticulata

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23
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Produces mineraldorticoids, especially the hormone aldosterone

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24
Q

What hormones does zona fasciculate produce?

A

Glucocorticoids like cortisol, cortisone and corticorterone

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25
Q

What hormones does zona reticulate produce

A

Sex hormones called androgens.

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26
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Contain chromatin cells that produce the catacholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine response.

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27
Q

Pancreas

A

An endocrine and an exocrine gland located behind the stomach

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28
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Clusters of cells that produce pancreatic hormones and they contain 4 different types of cells.

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29
Q

Beta cells in pancreas

A

Most abundant cell which secretes the hormone insulin.

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30
Q

Alpha cells in pancreas

A

One of the most abundant cells after insulin, and produces the hormone glucagon.

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31
Q

Delta cells in pancreas

A

Secrete somatostatin and comprise only 51 of islets of langerhans.

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32
Q

F cells in pancreas

A

Only 5%, and produce hormone pancreatic polypeptide.

33
Q

Gonads

A

Part of the reproductive system that produce hormones.

34
Q

Testis interstitial cells

A

cells produce the hormones androgens. The primary androgen is testosterone.

35
Q

The sustentacular cells in Testis

A

Secrete inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH, and also the release of garb by the hypothalamus.

36
Q

Female ovaries

A

Produce estrogens, progestins, And inhibin the principal estrogen is estradiol and progesterone is the main progestin

37
Q

Pineal gland

A

Located - part of epitholamus. Contains pinealocytes

38
Q

Pinealocytes

A

Cells that produce the hormone melatonin

39
Q

Heart

A

Produce atrial natriuretic peptide.located in the walls of the heart’s atria.

40
Q

Intestines

A

Different cell pops produce diff hormones. Gastric, secretin, serotonin cholecystokinin. These coordinate activities in gi tract.

41
Q

Placenta

A

Makes progesterone, estrogens, human chorionic gonadotropin

42
Q

Kidneys

A

Hormones: erythropoietin, Calcitriol, renin.

43
Q

Thyroid- stimulating Hormone TSH

A

Stimulates thyroid gland and promotes release of normal thyroid hormones

44
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release steroid hormones specifically the release of glucocorticoids

45
Q

Follicle stimulating Hormone FSH

A

Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females. Sperm production in males.

46
Q

Luteinizing Hormone LH

A

Stimulates ovulation, progestins production in females, androgen in males

47
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Stimulates milk production, promotes mammary gland development.

48
Q

Melanocyte stimulating Hormone MSH

A

Stimulates melanin by melanocytes. MSH is inhibited by dopamine.

49
Q

Growth hormone GH

A

Aka somatotropin. Stimulates cell growth ç replication in all body tissues. Mainly in skeletal muscle, cartilage, & bone tissue. Mobolizes stored fat, stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits gulicose uptake and metabolism.

50
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH and oxytocin.

51
Q

Antidiuretic hormones ADH

A

Stimulates the Dec in output by water conservation. In high amounts raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction

52
Q

Oxytocin

A

Females: string uterine contractions, lactation, sexual arousal, nurturing behavior. Males: believed to produce contraction of smooth muscle of duct system.

53
Q

What 3 hormones does the thyroid produce?

A

T4/thyroxine = inactive form. T3/ triiothyroxine= active form. Calcitonin

54
Q

T4 and T3

A

Secreted by follicular cells. Increase the rate of O2 uptake, basal metabolic rate, to help maintain body temp. Regulate growth development, and intracellular metabolism.

55
Q

How do T3 and T4 regulate metabolism

A

By increasing protein synthesis and lipid breakdown

56
Q

How do T3 and T4 enhance the effect of sympathetic regulation?

A

By increasing heart rate, blood pressure, nervousness and sweating.

57
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced in response to high levels of calcium in the blood.

58
Q

Calcitonin in children

A

Stimulates bone growth and mineral deposition in skeleton.

59
Q

Calcitonin in adults.

A

Lowers blood calcium& phosphate by decreasing the rate of removal of there minerals from bone.

60
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium, osteoclasts activity,kidney calcium reabsorption. Inhibits osteoblast deposition rate in blood.

61
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Release calcium in to the blood.

62
Q

Calcitriol

A

Needed for calcium phosphate absorption from intestines

63
Q

What are the 3 hormones released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

64
Q

Aldosterone

A

Mineralcorticoid that see sodium ion and water reabsorción, and potassium secretion by kidneys

65
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol (95%), corticosterone, hydrocortisone help body resist stress thru protein and triglyceride breakdown and making more glucose and inc blood pressure

66
Q

What happens when the body has high levels of glucocorticoids?

A

Depression of the immune system and inflammatory response.

67
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Catacholamines, epinephrine, and nor epinephrine

68
Q

Gonadocorticoids or androgens

A

Testosterone: masculizing hormone. In reals it stimulates sexual drive and turns to estrogens after menopause.

69
Q

Catacholamines

A

Epinephrine (80%), norepinephrine 20%. Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose, triglyceride breakdown

70
Q

Pancreas hormones

A

Glucagon and insulin.

71
Q

Glucagon

A

Released by alpha cells when blood sugar levels are low. Stimulates liver to make glucose and break glycogen down to increase blood glucose..

72
Q

Insulin

A

Released by beta cells in response to high blood glucose, parasympathetic stimulation and nigh levels of amino acids. Increases the rate of glucose uptake/metabolism

73
Q

Hormones of gonads

A

Estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, inhibin

74
Q

Estrogens

A

Secreted by follicular cells of ovaries. Most important is estradiol which stimulates follicle maturation, reproduction maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics

75
Q

Progestins

A

Progesterone is secreted by corpus later. Prepares uterus for implantations establishes menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy, and prepares mammary glands for breast milk.

76
Q

Androgens

A

Testosterone secreted by interstitial cells of testis. Maturation of male sexual organs and sperm→ production of sperm and development of secondary sex characteristics→aggressive behavior

77
Q

Inhibin

A

Produced→ sustentacular cells testis, and follicular cells ovaries. Inhibits FSH and maybe GnRH

78
Q

Melatonin

A

Pineal gland production. Controls circadian rhythm. Ono free radical damage, prevents early sexual maturation

79
Q

Thymosin (thymus)

A

Causes T lymphocytes to become mature.enables them to fight pathogens.

anatomy and physiology 2 lab (1 decks)

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