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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.

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2
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site.

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3
Q

Hormone

A

Steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions.

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4
Q

Amino acid/peptide hormone

A

Most hormones, wide range of sizes, hydrophilic-water loving, water-soluble, cannot pass through the plasmalemma, bind to receptors on the cell surface.

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5
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Gonadal & some Adrenal hormones, derived from cholesterol, hydrophobic-water fearing, fat soluble, easily diffuses across the plasmamalemma, bind to receptors within the cell.

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6
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A lipid-based chemical messenger synthesized by most tissue cells; acts locally as a paracrine.

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7
Q

Target cells

A

Respond to a particular hormone, contain receptors for that particular hormone, most cells respond to one or more hormones, not all cells respond to every hormone

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8
Q

Second messengers

A

Intercellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical to a receptor protein; mediates intercellular responses to the chemical messenger.

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9
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Intercellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase).

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10
Q

Protein kinases

A

Enzyme that phosphorylates a protein (transfers an inorganic phosphate from ATP to the protein), resulting in activation of the protein.

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11
Q

Direct gene activation

A

Generally used by steroid hormones. Uses intracellular receptors, hormone diffuses through the plasmalemma & binds to an intracellular receptor. Hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus, binds to DNA, and turns on a gene, gene is transcribed & translated, the new protein alters the cell’s activity.

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12
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

The control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood ion levels or blood nutrient levels.

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13
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Relatively rare, sympathetic nerves stimulate adrenal medulla to release catecholamines.

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14
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

The release of a hormone in response to the release of another hormone.

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15
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Hormone that prompts the release of another hormone

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16
Q

Inhibiting hormones

A

A hormone that inhibits the release of another hormone

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17
Q

Pituitary gland or hypophysis

A

Located in the Sella Turicica. Has an anterior & posterior lobe.

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18
Q

Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis

A

Out-growth of the brain, neural tissue, made up of filaments/fibrous due to nerve fibers.

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19
Q

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

A

Derived from oral epithelium, glandular tissue, made up of multicolored cells

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20
Q

Growth hormone

A

A hormone that stimulates growth, secreted by the pituitary gland

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21
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Caused from hyposecretion, in children, of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

Giantism

A

Caused from hyper secretion, in children, of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

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23
Q

Acromegaly

A

Caused from hyper secretion, in adults, of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

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24
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Released from the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

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25
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Released from the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids & androgens
26
Gonadotropins
Gonad-stimulating hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, regulate functions of the gonads
27
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females & sperm production in males
28
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Anterior pituitary hormone that aids maturation of cells in the ovary & triggers ovulation in females. In males, causes interstitial endocrine cells of the testis to produce testosterone.
29
Prolactin
Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk.
30
Oxytocin
Hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus & secreted by the posterior pituitary; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth & the ejection of milk during nursing
31
Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)
Also called vasopressin. Hormone produced by the hypothalamus & released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing Irvine volume.
32
Diabetes insipidus
Disease characterized by passage of a large quantity of dilute urine plus intense thirst & dehydration caused by inadequate release of ADH.
33
Thyroid gland
One of the largest of the body’s endocrine glands; straddles the anterior trachea
34
Thyroid follicles
Spherical sacs, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, contains pink staining colloid, for storing thyroid hormone
35
Colloid
A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily. Substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein.
36
Thyroxine T4
Iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; accelerates cellular metabolic rate in most body tissues.
37
Triiodothyronine T3
One of the two major hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, plays an important role in the body’s control of metabolism.
38
Endemic goiter
An adaptive disease produced by persistent stimulation of the thyroid gland as a consequence of iodine deficiency.
39
Myxedema
Decreased basal metabolic rate, severe hypothyroidism.
40
Cretinism
A condition characterized by physical deformity, caused by congenital thyroid deficiency
41
Grave’s Disease
Autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland is directly stimulated by antibodies; causes markedly increased secretion of thyroid hormone.
42
Calcitonin
Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels.
43
Parafollicular or C cells
Neuro endocrine cells in thyroid, secrete calcitonin, large & have pale staining
44
Parathyroid glands
Small endocrine glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.
45
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.
46
Adrenal glands
Hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of medulla & cortex areas.
47
Adrenal medulla
Inner part of the adrenal gland that releases catecholamines that complement the sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine (more potent) & norepinephrine (less secreted)
48
Adrenal cortex
Outer part of the adrenal gland that releases corticosteroids
49
Corticosteroids
Steroid hormones released by the adrenal glands
50
Mineralocorticoid
Steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ & K+ metabolism & fluid balance
51
Aldosterone
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption & K+ secretion by the kidneys.
52
Addison’s disease
Disease caused by hypo secretion of mineralocorticoid steroids, causing anemia, hypotension, bronze skin coloration
53
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal cortex hormones that increase blood glucose levels & aid the body in resisting long-term stressors.
54
Cushing’s disease
Disease caused by hyper secretion or clinical excess of glucocorticoids, causing decreases in muscle & bone protein, hypertension, edema, moon face
55
Gonadocorticoids
Sex hormones, primarily androgens, secreted by the adrenal cortex
56
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that complement the sympathetic nervous system.
57
Pancreas
Gland located behind the stomach, between the spleen & the duodenum; produces both endocrine & exocrine secretions
58
Acinar cells (acini)
A secreting cell lining, cell of the pancreas that furnishes pancreatic juice
59
Pancreatic islets(Islets of Langerhands)
Area of pancreas that secreted two antagonistic hormones, glucagon & insulin
60
Alpha cells
Synthesize glucagon, hyperglycemic hormone that stimulates the release of glucose into the blood.
61
Beta cells
Synthesize insulin, hypoglycemic hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating transport of glucose into many body cells, especially muscle & stimulating glycogen & fat synthesis.
62
Glucagon
Hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood
63
Insulin
A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, this lowering blood glucose levels
64
Diabetes mellitus (types I & II)
Disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to the inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates. I-hypo secretion, II-hypo activity
65
Gonads
Primary reproductive organ - testis of the male or ovaries of the female
66
Estrogen
Hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormone
67
Progesterone
Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum.
68
Testosterone
Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production.
69
Pineal gland
A hormone- secreting part of diencephalon of the brain thought to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function.
70
Melatonin
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; secretion peaks at night & helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidant
71
Thymus gland
Located deep in the sternum, max size at puberty, replaced with adipose & fibrous CT, produces thymus hormones for normal development of the Immune system.

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