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A & P > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.

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2
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site.

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3
Q

Hormone

A

Steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions.

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4
Q

Amino acid/peptide hormone

A

Most hormones, wide range of sizes, hydrophilic-water loving, water-soluble, cannot pass through the plasmalemma, bind to receptors on the cell surface.

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5
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Gonadal & some Adrenal hormones, derived from cholesterol, hydrophobic-water fearing, fat soluble, easily diffuses across the plasmamalemma, bind to receptors within the cell.

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6
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A lipid-based chemical messenger synthesized by most tissue cells; acts locally as a paracrine.

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7
Q

Target cells

A

Respond to a particular hormone, contain receptors for that particular hormone, most cells respond to one or more hormones, not all cells respond to every hormone

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8
Q

Second messengers

A

Intercellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical to a receptor protein; mediates intercellular responses to the chemical messenger.

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9
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Intercellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase).

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10
Q

Protein kinases

A

Enzyme that phosphorylates a protein (transfers an inorganic phosphate from ATP to the protein), resulting in activation of the protein.

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11
Q

Direct gene activation

A

Generally used by steroid hormones. Uses intracellular receptors, hormone diffuses through the plasmalemma & binds to an intracellular receptor. Hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus, binds to DNA, and turns on a gene, gene is transcribed & translated, the new protein alters the cell’s activity.

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12
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

The control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood ion levels or blood nutrient levels.

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13
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Relatively rare, sympathetic nerves stimulate adrenal medulla to release catecholamines.

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14
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

The release of a hormone in response to the release of another hormone.

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15
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Hormone that prompts the release of another hormone

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16
Q

Inhibiting hormones

A

A hormone that inhibits the release of another hormone

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17
Q

Pituitary gland or hypophysis

A

Located in the Sella Turicica. Has an anterior & posterior lobe.

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18
Q

Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis

A

Out-growth of the brain, neural tissue, made up of filaments/fibrous due to nerve fibers.

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19
Q

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

A

Derived from oral epithelium, glandular tissue, made up of multicolored cells

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20
Q

Growth hormone

A

A hormone that stimulates growth, secreted by the pituitary gland

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21
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Caused from hyposecretion, in children, of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

Giantism

A

Caused from hyper secretion, in children, of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

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23
Q

Acromegaly

A

Caused from hyper secretion, in adults, of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

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24
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Released from the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

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25
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Released from the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids & androgens

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26
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Gonad-stimulating hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, regulate functions of the gonads

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27
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females & sperm production in males

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28
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Anterior pituitary hormone that aids maturation of cells in the ovary & triggers ovulation in females. In males, causes interstitial endocrine cells of the testis to produce testosterone.

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29
Q

Prolactin

A

Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk.

30
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus & secreted by the posterior pituitary; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth & the ejection of milk during nursing

31
Q

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Also called vasopressin. Hormone produced by the hypothalamus & released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing Irvine volume.

32
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Disease characterized by passage of a large quantity of dilute urine plus intense thirst & dehydration caused by inadequate release of ADH.

33
Q

Thyroid gland

A

One of the largest of the body’s endocrine glands; straddles the anterior trachea

34
Q

Thyroid follicles

A

Spherical sacs, lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, contains pink staining colloid, for storing thyroid hormone

35
Q

Colloid

A

A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily. Substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein.

36
Q

Thyroxine T4

A

Iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; accelerates cellular metabolic rate in most body tissues.

37
Q

Triiodothyronine T3

A

One of the two major hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, plays an important role in the body’s control of metabolism.

38
Q

Endemic goiter

A

An adaptive disease produced by persistent stimulation of the thyroid gland as a consequence of iodine deficiency.

39
Q

Myxedema

A

Decreased basal metabolic rate, severe hypothyroidism.

40
Q

Cretinism

A

A condition characterized by physical deformity, caused by congenital thyroid deficiency

41
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

Autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland is directly stimulated by antibodies; causes markedly increased secretion of thyroid hormone.

42
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels.

43
Q

Parafollicular or C cells

A

Neuro endocrine cells in thyroid, secrete calcitonin, large & have pale staining

44
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Small endocrine glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.

45
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.

46
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of medulla & cortex areas.

47
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner part of the adrenal gland that releases catecholamines that complement the sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine (more potent) & norepinephrine (less secreted)

48
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer part of the adrenal gland that releases corticosteroids

49
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Steroid hormones released by the adrenal glands

50
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A

Steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ & K+ metabolism & fluid balance

51
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption & K+ secretion by the kidneys.

52
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Disease caused by hypo secretion of mineralocorticoid steroids, causing anemia, hypotension, bronze skin coloration

53
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Adrenal cortex hormones that increase blood glucose levels & aid the body in resisting long-term stressors.

54
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Disease caused by hyper secretion or clinical excess of glucocorticoids, causing decreases in muscle & bone protein, hypertension, edema, moon face

55
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Sex hormones, primarily androgens, secreted by the adrenal cortex

56
Q

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

A

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that complement the sympathetic nervous system.

57
Q

Pancreas

A

Gland located behind the stomach, between the spleen & the duodenum; produces both endocrine & exocrine secretions

58
Q

Acinar cells (acini)

A

A secreting cell lining, cell of the pancreas that furnishes pancreatic juice

59
Q

Pancreatic islets(Islets of Langerhands)

A

Area of pancreas that secreted two antagonistic hormones, glucagon & insulin

60
Q

Alpha cells

A

Synthesize glucagon, hyperglycemic hormone that stimulates the release of glucose into the blood.

61
Q

Beta cells

A

Synthesize insulin, hypoglycemic hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating transport of glucose into many body cells, especially muscle & stimulating glycogen & fat synthesis.

62
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood

63
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, this lowering blood glucose levels

64
Q

Diabetes mellitus (types I & II)

A

Disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to the inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates. I-hypo secretion, II-hypo activity

65
Q

Gonads

A

Primary reproductive organ - testis of the male or ovaries of the female

66
Q

Estrogen

A

Hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormone

67
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum.

68
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production.

69
Q

Pineal gland

A

A hormone- secreting part of diencephalon of the brain thought to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function.

70
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; secretion peaks at night & helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidant

71
Q

Thymus gland

A

Located deep in the sternum, max size at puberty, replaced with adipose & fibrous CT, produces thymus hormones for normal development of the Immune system.

A & P (1 decks)

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