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MIDTERMS > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 116 > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 116 Flashcards

1
Q

a network of glands and organs that regulate and control various body functions by producing and secreting hormones.

A

The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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2
Q

MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS:

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Pineal
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Thyroid
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenal
  8. Panceas
  9. Ovaries
  10. Testes
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3
Q

hypothalamus gland location:

A

base of brain

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4
Q

Function of hypothalamus gland:

A
  1. Major role in endocrine system
  2. Maintains body’s homeostasis
  3. Releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland
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5
Q

main hormones of hypothalamus gland:

A

oxytocin
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)

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6
Q

AKA ‘MASTER’ gland

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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7
Q

LOCATION OF PITUITARY GLAND:

A

CONNECTED TO HYPOTHALAMUS IN BRAIN

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8
Q

Its function is to secrete hormones that send signals to other endocrine glands to release or inhibit their own hormone production

A

pituitary gland

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9
Q

MAIN HORMONES AND TARGET ORGAN OF PITUITARY GLAND:

A
  1. GROWTH HORMONE
  2. PROLACTIN
  3. LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
  4. FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
  5. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
  6. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
  7. ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
  8. OXYTOCIN
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10
Q

bones, muscles, organs

A

GROWTH HORMONE

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11
Q

Breast (mammary gland) to stimulate milk production

A

PROLACTIN

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12
Q

Ovaries to produce estrogen/progesterone
Testes to produce testosterone

A

LH

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13
Q

same as LH

A

FSH

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14
Q

ADERENAL GLANDS TO PRODUCE corticosteroids

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)

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15
Q

thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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16
Q

(made in hypothalamus but stored in pituitary)- kidneys to increase water absorption in blood

A

ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

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17
Q

(made in hypothalamus but stored in pituitary)- breasts (for milk production) abd uterus (for contraction)

A

OXYTOCIN

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18
Q

Pineal gland LOCATION:

A

BETWEEN 2 HEMISPHERE IN BRAIN

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19
Q

REGULATES CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

A

Function of pineal gland

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20
Q

Main hormone of pineal gland

A

MELATONIN

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21
Q

LOCATION OF PARATHYROID GLANDS

A

4 GLANDS IN THE NECK BEHIND THE THYROID

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22
Q

REGULATE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS

A

FUNCTION OF PARATHYROID GLANDS

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23
Q

MAIN HORMONE OF PARATHYROID GLANDS

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

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24
Q

IT LIES JUST BELOW THE ADAM’S APPLE IN THE NECK

A

location of thyroid gland

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25
Q

regulated the body’s metabolism

A

funvtion of thyroid gland

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26
Q

MAIN HORMONES OF THYROID GLAND

A

T3 (TRIIODOTHYRONINE), T4 (THYROXINE-CONVERTS TO T3), CALCITONIN

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27
Q

TRUE/FALSE: PARATHYROID AND THYROID GLAND HAS NO RELATION OTHER THAN NAME.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

BEHIND STERNUM BETWEEN LUNGS

A

LOCATION OF THYMUS GLAND

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29
Q

STIMULATES THE DEV’T OF T CELLS WHICH ARE SENT TO LYMPH NODES TO HELP FIGHT DSE.

A

FUNCTION OF THYMUS GLAND

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30
Q

ONLY ACTIVE UNTIL PUBERTY THEN SHRINKS AND BECOMES FAT

A

FUNCTION OF THYMUS GLAND

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31
Q

MAIN HORMONE OF THYMUS GLAND

A

THYMOSIN

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32
Q

AKA ‘SUPRARENAL’

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

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33
Q

TWO GLANDS LOCATED ONE ON TOP OF EACH KIDNEY

A

LOCATION OD ADRENAL GLANDS

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34
Q

2 PARTS OF ADRENAL GLAND

A

MUDULLA
CORTEX

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35
Q

SECRETES EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE TO HELP CONTROL ACTIVITIES OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (BP, HR, SWEATING)

A

MEDULLA

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36
Q

SECRETES 2 TYPES OF CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES

A

CORTEX

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37
Q

2 TYPES OF CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
MINERALCORTICOIDS

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38
Q

helps convert food to energy

A

hydrocortisone (cortisol)

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39
Q

regulate immune response

A

corticosterone

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40
Q

One main of mineralcorticoids

A

ALDOSTERONE

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41
Q

MAINTAINS BALANCE OF SALT & WATER TO CONTROL BP

A

ALDOSTERONE

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42
Q

MAIN HORMONES OF ADRENAL GLANDS

A

EPINEPHRINE
NOREPINEPHRINE
HYDROCORTISONE
CORTICOSTERONE
ALDOSTERONE

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43
Q

Belongs to both endocrine & digestive systems

A

Pancreas

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44
Q

next to stomach, connected to duodenum

A

PANCREAS

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45
Q

MAIN ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IS TO REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; ONLY 5% OF PANCREAS IS ENDOCRINE CELLS (ISLET’S OF LANGERHANS)

A

FUNCTION OF PANCREAS

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46
Q

MAIN HORMONES OF PANCREAS

A
  1. Gastrin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Insulin
  4. Somatostatin
  5. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
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47
Q

VIP meaning

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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48
Q

controls H2O secretion/absorption from intestines

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

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49
Q

lacation is on either side of uterus

A

OVARIES

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50
Q

FOR PROPER DEV’T OF GIRLS AND TO ENSURE FERTILITY

A

FUNCTION OF OVARIES

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51
Q

MAIN HORMONES OF OVARIES

A

ESTORGEN & PROGESTERONE

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52
Q

LOCATION IS WITHIN SCROTUM

A

TESTES

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53
Q

FUNCTION OF TESTES:

A
  1. FOR PROPER PHYSICAL DEV’T OF BOYS, THEN LIBIDO
  2. MUSCLE STRENTH
  3. BONE DENSITY
54
Q

MAIN HORMONE OF TESTES

A

TESTOSTERONE

55
Q

thyroid uses iodine in food we eat to make the 2 main hormones ______

A

T3 & T4

56
Q

Its function is to regulate metabolism

A

T3 & T4

57
Q

it helps incorporate calcium into bone

A

CALCITONIN

58
Q

releases Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

59
Q

releases TSH

A

PITUITARY

60
Q

PRODUCES T3 & T4

A

THYROID

61
Q

Too much t3 & t4 in blood stimulates pituitary to stop releasing TSH or —-

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

62
Q

IF THYROID IS ENLARGED, A _______ MAY APPEAR BELOW OR TO THE SIDES OF THE ADAM’S APPLE

A

GOITER

63
Q

best indicator of thyroid function

A

TSH

64
Q

Need a test along with t4 & t3 to see if problem lies with thyroid or pituitary

A

TSH

65
Q

thyroid blood tests

A

*TSH
*T4 & T3
*TRH
*THYROID BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG) (CARRIES T3 & T4 IN BLOOD)
*ANTIBODIES

66
Q

thyroid function tests

A
  1. Blood tests
  2. Biopsy
  3. Ultrasonography
  4. Radioactive iodine uptake test
67
Q

to check for autoimmune dse

A

antibodies

68
Q

used for thyroid test if cancer is suspected

A

biopsy

69
Q

used for thyroid test if growths are detected

A

Ultrasonography

70
Q

to measure thyroid activity

A

Radioactive iodine uptake test

71
Q

condition that occurs when there is a high level of thyroid hormones in the blood

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

72
Q

AKA Overactive thyroid

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

73
Q

many nodules that secrete excess thyroid hormones

A

PLUMMER DISEASE

74
Q

INFLAMMATION OF THYROID

A

THYROIDITIS

75
Q

THYROIDITIS INFLAMMATION IS CAUSED BY:

A

VIRUS
AUTOIMMUNE

76
Q

abnormal tissue within the thyroid produces excess thyroid hormones

A

single toxic nodules

77
Q

destroys part or all of thyroid gland; may need HRT for the rest of life

A

radioactive iodine

78
Q

decrease HR, tremors and anxiety

A

beta-blockers

79
Q

most common antithyroid meds

A

methimazole

80
Q

antithyroid meds:

A

METHIMAZOLE
PROPYLTHIOURACIL (PTU)
STOP THE PRODUCTION OF T3 & T4

81
Q

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER where the antibody stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete excess thyroid hormones into the blood; often hereditary

A

GRAVES DSE

82
Q

a life threatening emergency

A

THYROID STORM

83
Q

sudden, extreme overactivity of the thyroid gland

A

THYROID STORM

84
Q

condition that occurs when there is a low level of thyroid hormones in the blood

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

85
Q

most common autoimmune disorder wherebody attacks thyroid

A

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

86
Q

sudden, extreme underactivity of the thyroid gland

A

MYXEDEMA COMA

87
Q

affects mainly women middle to older aged

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

88
Q

OCCURS MAINLY IN ELDERLY WOMEN

A

MYXEDEMA COMA

89
Q

swelling of eyes/face

A

MYXEDEMA

90
Q

monitor for toxicity

A

synthroid

91
Q

2 disorders caused by too much or too little parathyroid hormone

A

HYPER- AND HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

92
Q

main purpose of parathyroid glands is ____

A

control blood calcium levels

93
Q

normal Ca levels

A

8.6-10.0 mg/dL

94
Q

disorder caused by over-production of PTH by a parathyroid gland

A

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

95
Q

LEADS TO HYPERCALCEMIA & HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA

A

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

96
Q

2 Types of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

A

PRIMARY & SECONDARY

97
Q

MAIN TX FOR HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

A

PARATHYROIDECTOMY

98
Q

disorder caused by decreased production of PTH by the parathyroid glands

A

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

99
Q

Leads to hypocalcemia & hyperphosphatemia

A

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

100
Q

usually caused by chronic alcoholism

A

HYPOMAGNESEMIA

101
Q

ITS LOCATION IS 2 GLANDS LOCATED ONE ON TOP OF EACH KIDNEY

A

THE ADRENAL GLANDS

102
Q

Condition due to very high level of cortisol released from adrenal glands

A

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

103
Q

DEFICIENCY OF CORTISOL AND ALDOSTERONE DUE TO UNDERACTIVE ADRENAL GLANDS

A

ADDISON’S DSE

104
Q

DECREASE IN CORTISOL DUE TO LACK OF ACTH FROM PITUITARY GLAND

A

SECONDARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

105
Q

EXTREMELY LOW CORTISOL LEVELS. LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY

A

ADDISONIAN CRISIS (ADRENAL CRISIS)

106
Q

TUMOR IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA THAT PRODUCES EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF CATECHOLAMINES

A

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

107
Q

DI vs SIADH

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS vs SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

108
Q

AKA VASOPRESSIN

A

ADH

109
Q

produced in hypothalamus and stored/secreted in pituitary gland

A

ADH

110
Q

SECRETED OR WITHHELD DUE TO CHANGES IN HYDRATION STATUS

A

ADH

111
Q

to cause the body to retain water and constrict blood vessels

A

ADH FUNCTION

112
Q

DI

A

DRY

113
Q

SIADH

A

SOAKED

113
Q
A
113
Q

CONDITION IN WHICH THE KIDNEYS ARE UNABLE TO RETAIN WATER

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

113
Q

CONDITION IN WHICH THE BODY MAKES TOO MUCH ADH

A

SIADH

114
Q

DISORDER IN WHICH THE AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD IS ELEVATED

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

115
Q

PANCREAS RELEASES —-

A

insulin

116
Q

high levels of glucose in the blood

A

hyperglycemia

117
Q

types of diabetes

A

Prediabetes
Type I
Type II
Gestational

118
Q

blood glucose levels too high to be considered normal but not high enough to be labeled diabetes

A

PREDIABETES

119
Q

FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE _____

A

100-125 mg/dL

120
Q

PANCREAS PRODUCES LITTLE TO NO INSULIN BECAUSE THE INSULIN-PRODUCING CELLS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED

A

TYPE I DIABETES

121
Q

PANCREAS PRODUCES INSULIN, HOWEVER, THE CELLS DO NOT RESPOND TO IT (INSULIN RESISTANCE)

A

TYPE II DIABETES

122
Q

GLUCOSE CAN’T GET INTO CELLS

A

TYPE II DIABETES

123
Q

SIMILAR TO TYPE II DIABETES

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

124
Q

CELLS NOT RECEPTIVE TO INSULIN

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

125
Q

exceeding 300 mg/dL; HYPERGLYCEMIA/HYPOGLYCEMIA

A

HYPERGLYCEMIA

126
Q

MOSTLY AFFECTS TYPE II

A

HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE (HHS)

127
Q

EXCEEDING 600MG/DL

A

BG EXTREMELY HIGH

128
Q

BG LESS THAN 60 MG/DL DROPS RAPIDLY

A

HYPOGLYCEMIA

MIDTERMS (7 decks)

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