ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 116 Flashcards
1
Q
a network of glands and organs that regulate and control various body functions by producing and secreting hormones.
A
The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
2
Q
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS:
A
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Parathyroid
- Thyroid
- Thymus
- Adrenal
- Panceas
- Ovaries
- Testes
3
Q
hypothalamus gland location:
A
base of brain
4
Q
Function of hypothalamus gland:
A
- Major role in endocrine system
- Maintains body’s homeostasis
- Releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland
5
Q
main hormones of hypothalamus gland:
A
oxytocin
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)
6
Q
AKA ‘MASTER’ gland
A
PITUITARY GLAND
7
Q
LOCATION OF PITUITARY GLAND:
A
CONNECTED TO HYPOTHALAMUS IN BRAIN
8
Q
Its function is to secrete hormones that send signals to other endocrine glands to release or inhibit their own hormone production
A
pituitary gland
9
Q
MAIN HORMONES AND TARGET ORGAN OF PITUITARY GLAND:
A
- GROWTH HORMONE
- PROLACTIN
- LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
- FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
- THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
- ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
- OXYTOCIN
10
Q
bones, muscles, organs
A
GROWTH HORMONE
11
Q
Breast (mammary gland) to stimulate milk production
A
PROLACTIN
12
Q
Ovaries to produce estrogen/progesterone
Testes to produce testosterone
A
LH
13
Q
same as LH
A
FSH
14
Q
ADERENAL GLANDS TO PRODUCE corticosteroids
A
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
15
Q
thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
A
thyroid-stimulating hormone
16
Q
(made in hypothalamus but stored in pituitary)- kidneys to increase water absorption in blood
A
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
17
Q
(made in hypothalamus but stored in pituitary)- breasts (for milk production) abd uterus (for contraction)
A
OXYTOCIN
18
Q
Pineal gland LOCATION:
A
BETWEEN 2 HEMISPHERE IN BRAIN
19
Q
REGULATES CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AND REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
A
Function of pineal gland
20
Q
Main hormone of pineal gland
A
MELATONIN
21
Q
LOCATION OF PARATHYROID GLANDS
A
4 GLANDS IN THE NECK BEHIND THE THYROID
22
Q
REGULATE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS
A
FUNCTION OF PARATHYROID GLANDS
23
Q
MAIN HORMONE OF PARATHYROID GLANDS
A
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
24
Q
IT LIES JUST BELOW THE ADAM’S APPLE IN THE NECK
A
location of thyroid gland
25
regulated the body's metabolism
funvtion of thyroid gland
26
MAIN HORMONES OF THYROID GLAND
T3 (TRIIODOTHYRONINE), T4 (THYROXINE-CONVERTS TO T3), CALCITONIN
27
TRUE/FALSE: PARATHYROID AND THYROID GLAND HAS NO RELATION OTHER THAN NAME.
TRUE
28
BEHIND STERNUM BETWEEN LUNGS
LOCATION OF THYMUS GLAND
29
STIMULATES THE DEV'T OF T CELLS WHICH ARE SENT TO LYMPH NODES TO HELP FIGHT DSE.
FUNCTION OF THYMUS GLAND
30
ONLY ACTIVE UNTIL PUBERTY THEN SHRINKS AND BECOMES FAT
FUNCTION OF THYMUS GLAND
31
MAIN HORMONE OF THYMUS GLAND
THYMOSIN
32
AKA 'SUPRARENAL'
ADRENAL GLANDS
33
TWO GLANDS LOCATED ONE ON TOP OF EACH KIDNEY
LOCATION OD ADRENAL GLANDS
34
2 PARTS OF ADRENAL GLAND
MUDULLA
CORTEX
35
SECRETES EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE TO HELP CONTROL ACTIVITIES OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (BP, HR, SWEATING)
MEDULLA
36
SECRETES 2 TYPES OF CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES
CORTEX
37
2 TYPES OF CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
MINERALCORTICOIDS
38
helps convert food to energy
hydrocortisone (cortisol)
39
regulate immune response
corticosterone
40
One main of mineralcorticoids
ALDOSTERONE
41
MAINTAINS BALANCE OF SALT & WATER TO CONTROL BP
ALDOSTERONE
42
MAIN HORMONES OF ADRENAL GLANDS
EPINEPHRINE
NOREPINEPHRINE
HYDROCORTISONE
CORTICOSTERONE
ALDOSTERONE
43
Belongs to both endocrine & digestive systems
Pancreas
44
next to stomach, connected to duodenum
PANCREAS
45
MAIN ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IS TO REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; ONLY 5% OF PANCREAS IS ENDOCRINE CELLS (ISLET'S OF LANGERHANS)
FUNCTION OF PANCREAS
46
MAIN HORMONES OF PANCREAS
1. Gastrin
2. Glucagon
3. Insulin
4. Somatostatin
5. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
47
VIP meaning
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
48
controls H2O secretion/absorption from intestines
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
49
lacation is on either side of uterus
OVARIES
50
FOR PROPER DEV'T OF GIRLS AND TO ENSURE FERTILITY
FUNCTION OF OVARIES
51
MAIN HORMONES OF OVARIES
ESTORGEN & PROGESTERONE
52
LOCATION IS WITHIN SCROTUM
TESTES
53
FUNCTION OF TESTES:
1. FOR PROPER PHYSICAL DEV'T OF BOYS, THEN LIBIDO
2. MUSCLE STRENTH
3. BONE DENSITY
54
MAIN HORMONE OF TESTES
TESTOSTERONE
55
thyroid uses iodine in food we eat to make the 2 main hormones ______
T3 & T4
56
Its function is to regulate metabolism
T3 & T4
57
it helps incorporate calcium into bone
CALCITONIN
58
releases Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
HYPOTHALAMUS
59
releases TSH
PITUITARY
60
PRODUCES T3 & T4
THYROID
61
Too much t3 & t4 in blood stimulates pituitary to stop releasing TSH or ----
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
62
IF THYROID IS ENLARGED, A _______ MAY APPEAR BELOW OR TO THE SIDES OF THE ADAM'S APPLE
GOITER
63
best indicator of thyroid function
TSH
64
Need a test along with t4 & t3 to see if problem lies with thyroid or pituitary
TSH
65
thyroid blood tests
*TSH
*T4 & T3
*TRH
*THYROID BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG) (CARRIES T3 & T4 IN BLOOD)
*ANTIBODIES
66
thyroid function tests
1. Blood tests
2. Biopsy
3. Ultrasonography
4. Radioactive iodine uptake test
67
to check for autoimmune dse
antibodies
68
used for thyroid test if cancer is suspected
biopsy
69
used for thyroid test if growths are detected
Ultrasonography
70
to measure thyroid activity
Radioactive iodine uptake test
71
condition that occurs when there is a high level of thyroid hormones in the blood
HYPERTHYROIDISM
72
AKA Overactive thyroid
HYPERTHYROIDISM
73
many nodules that secrete excess thyroid hormones
PLUMMER DISEASE
74
INFLAMMATION OF THYROID
THYROIDITIS
75
THYROIDITIS INFLAMMATION IS CAUSED BY:
VIRUS
AUTOIMMUNE
76
abnormal tissue within the thyroid produces excess thyroid hormones
single toxic nodules
77
destroys part or all of thyroid gland; may need HRT for the rest of life
radioactive iodine
78
decrease HR, tremors and anxiety
beta-blockers
79
most common antithyroid meds
methimazole
80
antithyroid meds:
METHIMAZOLE
PROPYLTHIOURACIL (PTU)
STOP THE PRODUCTION OF T3 & T4
81
AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER where the antibody stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete excess thyroid hormones into the blood; often hereditary
GRAVES DSE
82
a life threatening emergency
THYROID STORM
83
sudden, extreme overactivity of the thyroid gland
THYROID STORM
84
condition that occurs when there is a low level of thyroid hormones in the blood
HYPOTHYROIDISM
85
most common autoimmune disorder wherebody attacks thyroid
HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS
86
sudden, extreme underactivity of the thyroid gland
MYXEDEMA COMA
87
affects mainly women middle to older aged
HYPOTHYROIDISM
88
OCCURS MAINLY IN ELDERLY WOMEN
MYXEDEMA COMA
89
swelling of eyes/face
MYXEDEMA
90
monitor for toxicity
synthroid
91
2 disorders caused by too much or too little parathyroid hormone
HYPER- AND HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
92
main purpose of parathyroid glands is ____
control blood calcium levels
93
normal Ca levels
8.6-10.0 mg/dL
94
disorder caused by over-production of PTH by a parathyroid gland
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
95
LEADS TO HYPERCALCEMIA & HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
96
2 Types of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
PRIMARY & SECONDARY
97
MAIN TX FOR HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
PARATHYROIDECTOMY
98
disorder caused by decreased production of PTH by the parathyroid glands
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
99
Leads to hypocalcemia & hyperphosphatemia
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
100
usually caused by chronic alcoholism
HYPOMAGNESEMIA
101
ITS LOCATION IS 2 GLANDS LOCATED ONE ON TOP OF EACH KIDNEY
THE ADRENAL GLANDS
102
Condition due to very high level of cortisol released from adrenal glands
CUSHING'S SYNDROME
103
DEFICIENCY OF CORTISOL AND ALDOSTERONE DUE TO UNDERACTIVE ADRENAL GLANDS
ADDISON'S DSE
104
DECREASE IN CORTISOL DUE TO LACK OF ACTH FROM PITUITARY GLAND
SECONDARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
105
EXTREMELY LOW CORTISOL LEVELS. LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY
ADDISONIAN CRISIS (ADRENAL CRISIS)
106
TUMOR IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA THAT PRODUCES EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF CATECHOLAMINES
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
107
DI vs SIADH
DIABETES INSIPIDUS vs SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
108
AKA VASOPRESSIN
ADH
109
produced in hypothalamus and stored/secreted in pituitary gland
ADH
110
SECRETED OR WITHHELD DUE TO CHANGES IN HYDRATION STATUS
ADH
111
to cause the body to retain water and constrict blood vessels
ADH FUNCTION
112
DI
DRY
113
SIADH
SOAKED
113
113
CONDITION IN WHICH THE KIDNEYS ARE UNABLE TO RETAIN WATER
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
113
CONDITION IN WHICH THE BODY MAKES TOO MUCH ADH
SIADH
114
DISORDER IN WHICH THE AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD IS ELEVATED
DIABETES MELLITUS
115
PANCREAS RELEASES ----
insulin
116
high levels of glucose in the blood
hyperglycemia
117
types of diabetes
Prediabetes
Type I
Type II
Gestational
118
blood glucose levels too high to be considered normal but not high enough to be labeled diabetes
PREDIABETES
119
FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE _____
100-125 mg/dL
120
PANCREAS PRODUCES LITTLE TO NO INSULIN BECAUSE THE INSULIN-PRODUCING CELLS HAVE BEEN DESTROYED
TYPE I DIABETES
121
PANCREAS PRODUCES INSULIN, HOWEVER, THE CELLS DO NOT RESPOND TO IT (INSULIN RESISTANCE)
TYPE II DIABETES
122
GLUCOSE CAN'T GET INTO CELLS
TYPE II DIABETES
123
SIMILAR TO TYPE II DIABETES
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
124
CELLS NOT RECEPTIVE TO INSULIN
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
125
exceeding 300 mg/dL; HYPERGLYCEMIA/HYPOGLYCEMIA
HYPERGLYCEMIA
126
MOSTLY AFFECTS TYPE II
HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE (HHS)
127
EXCEEDING 600MG/DL
BG EXTREMELY HIGH
128
BG LESS THAN 60 MG/DL DROPS RAPIDLY
HYPOGLYCEMIA
