Endocrine System Flashcards
Summarise Aldosterone (hormone, target, effect, mode of regulation)
Hormone- Aldosterone
Gland- Adrenal Gland
Target- Kidneys
Effect- increase reabsorption of Na into blood, excretion of K out of blood (causes increased blood volume)
Regulation- Humoral
- decreasing blood volume adn blood pressure
- increasing K+ levels in blood
Summarise Growth Hormone
gland, hormone, effects of hormone and type of regulation ( =humoral, level of other hormones or nervous system).
Gland- secreted from Anterior Pituitary gland
Target tissue- all body cells, esp bones and skeletal muscles
effect on target tissue -
- anabolic- protein synthesis to enable cell + tissue growth
- metabolic - use fat for cellular energy / conserve glucose
type of regulation
- Hormonal stimuli- Hypothalamus releases GHReleasing Hormone which stimulates APG to increase GH production / release.
- Negative feedback
- When GH levels become too high, Hypothalamus releaseses GH Inhibiting hormone and Somatostatin which inhibits further GH release
Summarise TSH
gland, hormone, effects of hormone and type of regulation ( =humoral, level of other hormones or nervous system).
Hormone- Thyroid stimulating Hormone
Secreting Gland- Anterior Pituitary Gland
Target tissue- thyroid gland
effects on target tissue- release thyroid hormones (thyroxine) + calcitonin?
Type of regulation-
- Hormonal Regulation
- stimulated by Hypothalamus releasing TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Horomone)
- Rising levels of Thyroid hormones inhibit further TRH
Summarise ACTH
gland, hormone, effects of hormone and type of regulation ( =humoral, level of other hormones or nervous system).
Hormone- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Gland- Anterior PG
target tissue: adrenal glands
effect on target tissue: stimulates production /secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) by adrenal cortex
Type of regulation-
- Hormonal stimuli
- hypothalamus releases Corticotrophin Releasing hormone (CRH)
- negative feedback - increase in cortisol inhibits further CRH / ACTH release
Summarise FSH
gland, hormone, effects of hormone and type of regulation ( =humoral, level of other hormones or nervous system).
Gland- released by anterior pituitary gland
target tissue- ovaries and testes
effects on target tissue
- in ovaries, stimulate growth of ovarian follicles (before releaes of egg at ovulation)
- stimulates maturation of follicles
- stimulates release of oestrogen
- in testes- supports production of spermatozoa
- Type of regulation
- hormonal stimuli
- hypothalamus releases GnRH.
- Negative feedback, rise in gonadal hormone levels (oestrogen/ progesterone, testosterone) inhibits GnRH release (Thus LH / FSH)
Summarise Anti diuretic hormone
gland, hormone, effects of hormone and type of regulation ( =humoral, level of other hormones or nervous system).
- gland- Posterior PG
- target tissue- kidney filtrate
- effect- increases how much water is reabsorbed (returned to blood), thus reducing urine output.
- type of regulation-
- Humoral stimuli
- increasing ion concentration (“osmolarity”) in blood detected by Hypothalamus, which sends impulses to PPG to release ADH
- Negative feedback
- When ion levels return to normal, this inhibits ADH release
Summarise Luteinising Hormone
- Gland- Anterior PG
- Target - Ovaries and Testes
- Effect- sex hormone production (oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
- Mode of Regulation- Hormonal (GnRH from Hypothalamus) stimulates LH production. GnRH inhibited by rising levels of oestrogen/ testosterone/ Progesterone
Summarise Prolactin
gland, hormone, effects of hormone and type of regulation ( =humoral, level of other hormones or nervous system).
Gland- Anterior Pituitary Gland
Target tissue- mammary glands
effect on target tissue- stimulate production of colostrum / breast milk
Type of regulation
- hormonal + neural stimuli
- stimulated by decreased prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) (Dopamine),
- levels rise and fall with oestrogen level
- stimulated by prolactin releasing factors (which are released via suckling)
Summarise oxytocin
gland, hormone, effects of hormone and type of regulation ( =humoral, level of other hormones or nervous system).
- Gland- produced in hypothalamus
- target tissue- mammary glands, uterus
- effect- ejection reflex in mammary glands, uterine contractions
- Type of regulation
- neural stimuli
- Mammary glands- suckling sends sensory impulses to hypothalamus / PPG to release oxytocin
- Pressure on stretch receptors of Cervix- triggers impulses to hypothalamus / PPG to releaes Oxytocin
- positive feedback
- as descending baby puts pressure on stretch receptors, body releases more oxytocin, which increases contractions, causing baby to descend further. so response to stimuli cuases stimuli to expand.
Summarise hormones from Thyroid (hormone, target, effect, mode of regulation)
- Calcitonin
- targets bone
- effect- facilitates uptake of Ca into bones, by inhibiting osteoclasts (which break down bone and release Ca into blood)
- regulated by humoral stimuli (increasing Ca in blood stimulates Hypothalmus to release TRH, which stimulates Calcitonin)
- T3 and T4 hormones
- targets most body eclls
- effect - increases Basal metabolic rate + heat production. also plays a role in maintaining BP, regulating tissue growth, reproductive capability
- regulated by hormonal stimuli (TSH from APG stimulates Thyroid hormones)
Summarise hormones from Parathyroid (hormone, target, effect, mode of regulation)
- hormone- parathyroid hormone
- targets- bones, kidney, intestine
-
effect
- stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca into blood
- also increases kidney filtrate’s reuptake of Ca back into blood
- increases Ca absorption from intestine
- mode of regulation- humoral- stimulated by low Ca level in blood
Summarise adrenaline (hormone, target, effect, mode of regulation)
Hormone- adrenaline
Gland- Adrenal medulla
Target- mostly same cells that sympathetic nervous system targets
Effect- amplify sympathetic nervous system effects
- increased metabolic activity
- dilate bronchioles
- increase blood flow to heart and skeletal muscle
regulation- neural stimulation
sympathetic neurons activated by stress, stimulate adrenaline release
Summarise oestrogen and progesterone (hormone, target, effect, mode of regulation)
Hormone- oestrogen
Gland- ovaries
Target- mainly reproductive organs (incl. breasts but also variety of other tissues)
Effect-
- oestrogen alone
- -stimulates maturation of female reproductive organs and appearance of secondary sex characteristics
- oestrogen + progesterone-
- stimulate breast dev + maturation during pregnancy
- stimulate endometrium to develop cyclically during uterine cycle
- during pregnancy - water retention / relaxation of smooth muscle
Regulation- hormonal
- hypothalamus releases GnRH –> APG FSH+ LH —> oestrogen + progesterone
Summarise Glucocorticoids (hormone, target, effect, mode of regulation)
Hormone- Glucocorticoids (cortisol)- steroid hormones
Gland- Adrenal Gland (adrenal cortex)
Target- Most body cells
Effect-
- inhibit immune and inflammatory response
- stimulate processes to increase blood glucose
- gluconeogenesis (generate glucose from amino acid + glycerol)
- mobilise fat for energy
- stimulate protein breakdown
Regulation- hormonal + stress (Released in higher amounts during stress)
- Hypothalamus- monitor Cortisol levels and release CRH if too low, stimulates
- APG- Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH), stimulates
- Adrenal cortex to release Cortisol
