Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Sciences P1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone

A

an organic chemical substance (usually a protein or can be a steroid)secreted by an endocrine gland and carried in the blood stream to its target organ/s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do hormones do

A

they regulate metabolic reactions once reaching their target organ/s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a target organ/tissue

A

specific cells that respond to a given hormone have receptor sites for that hormone. Can be a single gland/ organ or scattered throughout body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

An endocrine gland is a vascular ductless gland that secretes hormones which are carried in the bloodstream to target organs

an exocrine gland has ducts which its secreted hormones travel through to where they’re needed i.e. salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which part of the brain secretes ADH: anti-diuretic hormone and what causes ADH to be released

A

The hypothalamus, part of brain situated above the pituitary gland.

Osmoreceptors in blood vessels of the hypothalamus detect an increase in osmolarity (low levels of water) of the blood. Hypothalamus responds aby releasing ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of ADH

A

It helps to conserve water by causing more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from collecting ducts of the kidney = less water lost in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name and role of the ‘master gland’

A

The Pituitary gland/ Hypophysis

  • the chemical coordinator of most of endocrine glands
  • attached to hypothalamus at base of brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 7 hormones secreted by the Pituitary gland

and give the function of ACTH

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
  2. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
  3. Luteinizing hormone LH
  4. Prolactin
  5. Growth hormone/ Somatotrophic hormone STH
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH (stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisone and aldosterone)
  7. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone ICSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the function of growth hormone/STH

A

Promotes skeletal and muscular growth by stimulating the synthesis of proteins .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the function of Prolactin

A
  • stimulates the production of milk in female mammary glands after birth
  • as well as much of the maternal instinct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the function of FSH in female and male

A
  1. in females stimulates Oogenesis in ovary i.e. formation of ova (egg)
  2. in males stimulates Spermatogenesis in testes i.e. sperm formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of Luteinizing hormone (2)

A
  1. stimulates ovulation from the ovary

2. and formation of the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the condition and growth disorder that is caused by hypersecretion of Growth hormone and name one cause of it

A

Acromegaly
-enlarged terminal skeletal structures
growth disorder: Gigantism
-results in overdevelopment of the skeleton
- cause: tumour in pituitary gland + rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the growth disorder caused by hyposecretion in prepubertal children and features of this disorder

A 
Pituitary dwarfism
- underdevelopment of skeleton
normal body proportions 
height ( 91-122cm)
sexually immature
NOT mentally retarded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of ICSH

A

stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The process of maintaining the internal environment in a constant optimal state for cells to function properly despite changes that take place internally and externally
internal environment = tissue fluid+ blood (extracellular fluids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What factors must stay constant in the internal environment

A 
Carbon dioxide
glucose
salt
water concentration
temperature and pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is negative feedback

A

a control mechanism whereby a change from the set point of any factor is corrected by bringing about change in the opposite (negative) direction

i.e. if there is too much of a particular factor a process is set in motion to reduce that factor and visa versa
too little of factor= process is set to make more

20
Q

What makes up a negative feedback system

A
  1. RECEPTOR- detects a change from set point and sends info to the control centre
  2. CONTROL CENTRE - processes the info and activates corrective mechanisms
  3. EFFECTOR - responds and corrects change, returning conditions to set point
21
Q

what happens if homeostasis cannot be maintained

A

illness or death

22
Q

List 3 examples of negative feedback mechanisms

A
  1. Glucose (blood sugar) concentration in blood i.e. pancreas secretes insulin after eating
  2. Carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids
  3. Water and salts (osmoregulation) concentration in body fluids
23
Q

Explain how insulin lowers blood sugar levels
eight step process
is an example of a negative feedback system

A
  1. After eating a meal with carbohydrates, the glucose from the digested food is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood
  2. this results in increased blood glucose levels above the normal set point
  3. beta cells detect raised glucose levels when blood passes through the pancreas and respond by secreting insulin into blood
  4. insulin goes to the liver and muscles, their main target organs
  5. insulin makes the cell membranes more permeable which enables more glucose to move from blood to cells
  6. isulin also increases the rate of glucose conversion into glycogen in the cells therefor more glucose can enter
  7. these processes have lowered the blood sugar levels
  8. Insulin secreting cells detect the lower glucose levels and stop releasing insulin into the blood.
24
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose
five step process
also a negative feedback system

A
  1. blood sugar levels are low in the morning
  2. Alpha cells in the pancreas detect the low glucose levels and respond by secreting glucagon into the blood
    3.Target cells in the liver are where the glucagon causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
    4 the liver now releases glucose into the blood and increases the blood glucose level
    5.Glucagon secreting cells detect the increased blood glucose level and stop releasing glucagon into the blood
25
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus

A

a chronic disease characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood
Type 1 and type 2 are the most common forms

26
Q

characterize Type 1 diabetes

symptoms

A

-it is insulin dependent
-starts in childhood
SYMPTOMS:
1. tiredness
2.constant production of diluted urine containing glucose
3. this causes great thirst

27
Q

characterize Type 1 diabetes

causes

A

is an auto-immune disease
the bodies immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells
results in pancreas not producing insulin=glucose remains in blood instead of moving into cells (hyperglaecemia - high level sugar)

28
Q

how can Type 1 diabetes be treated

A

no cure, life long disease
proper diabetic management and regular exercise helps control the disease
1. daily injection of insulin
2. test blood sugar levels frequently with finger prick test so correct amounts of insulin are injected

29
Q

what are the short term effects of not following your routine for type 1 diabetics

A
  • extreme thirst/dehydration
  • nausea
  • coma
  • vomiting
30
Q

list diabetes-related complications (4)

A

blindness
kidney failure
amputation of limbs
increased risk heart attack/stroke

31
Q

What is chemical co-ordination

A

A prolonged process of communicating information throughout the body through chemicals/hormones.

32
Q

what is glucose

A

a simple sugar derived from digested carbohydrates

- it is the primary source of cellular energy

33
Q

What element is essential for the production of thyroxin

what happens if there is a lack of it

A

iodine, found in sea salt/food

a goitre may develop

34
Q

what are the functions of thyroxin (3)

A
  1. increases the basal metabolic rate in all body cells by controlling the rate of cellular respiration
  2. promotes normal functioning of the heart
  3. promotes normal functioning of the nervous system by increasing nervous activity
35
Q

what disorders can occur if too little thyroxin is produced

A

Hypothyroidism
causes low metabolic rate
-Cretinism in children
child does not grow physically, immature sexual development and mentally retarded
-Myxoedema in adults
mental and physical sluggishness, low blood pressure and slow heart/respiratory rate

36
Q

what disorder can occur if too much thyroxin is produced

A

Hyperthyroidism
disorder: Graves disease
causes high metabolic rate
-body temperature high and increased sweating
-heart and respiratory rate and blood pressure increases
-muscular tremors and nervousness
-swollen thyroid gland , known as exopthalmic goitre if eyes are popping out

37
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

it is the secretion of hormones by groups of cells
islets of Langerhans
scattered throughout pancreas

38
Q

What are the functions of Glucagon and insulin

A

role in controlling the levels of glucose in the blood

normal glucose concentration is 3.5mmol/litre of blood

39
Q

characterize Type 2 diabetes

causes

A

non-insulin dependent
starts in adulthood
- body produces less insulin or is unable to use the insulin correctly e.g. faulty insulin receptors (insulin resistance)

40
Q

what factors increase the chance of developing Type 2 Diabetes

A
  1. increasing age
  2. diet high in sugars, fats and over processed food (obesity)
  3. lack of exercise
41
Q

How can Type 2 diabetes be treated

A

following a balanced diet
regular exercise and losing weight
insulin or oral drugs

42
Q

what does GI stand for

A

Glycaemic index measures effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar levels

43
Q

what are warning signs for the onset of diabetes

A 
increased thirst
frequent urination
blurred vision
slow-healing wounds
numbness in hands/feet
44
Q

What is the adrenal gland made up of

A
  1. inner adrenal medulla

2. outer adrenal cortex

45
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex

and their functions

A

steroid (fat based )hormones
aldosterone
-vital for osmoregulation as it increases the reabsorption of sodium ions
cortisone
-anti-inflammatory and increases ability to resist stress

46
Q

what are the effects of adrenalin

A

prepares body for action
1 vasoconstriction in skin and alimentary canal increases blood pressure so more blood can go to skeletal and cardiac muscles where its needed
2. glycogen in liver converted to glucose which is released into blood stream, increasing the blood sugar for extra energy
3. O2 content in blood raised due to increased depth and rate of breathing
4. Heart rate increases which increases cellular respiration so more energy made available for muscle activity
5. skeletal muscle tone increased for faster muscle response

Life Sciences P1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions