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BIO 182 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Why this matters…

A

Understanding the endocrine system enables you to monitor and advise patients with diseases such as diabetes mellitus

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2
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • Ask with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells
  • Influences my metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood
  • Responses slower but longer lasting than the nervous system responses
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3
Q

Endocrinology

A

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

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4
Q

Endocrine system controls and integrates:

A
  • Reproduction
  • growth and development
  • maintenance of electrolyte water and nutrient balance of blood
  • regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
  • mobilization of body defense
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5
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • Produce non-hormonal substances examples sweat

- have saliva have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface

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6
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • Produce hormones

- lack ducts

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7
Q

Endocrine glands include…

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal gland’s

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Is a Neuroendocrine organ

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9
Q

Sam have exocrine and endocrine functions

A

Pancreas, gonads, and placenta

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10
Q

Other tissues and organs that produce hormones…

A

Adipose cells, thymus, and cells in the walls of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart

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11
Q

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system

A

Hormones, Autocrines, and Paracrines

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12
Q

Hormones

A

Long-distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph

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13
Q

Autocrines

A

Chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them

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14
Q

Paracrines

A

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

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15
Q

Autocrines and Paracrines

A

Are local chemical messengers; not considered part of the endocrine system

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16
Q

Two main classes of hormones

A
  1. Amino acid-based hormones
  2. steroids
  3. and a possible third class eicosanoids
17
Q

Amino acid-based hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins

18
Q

Steroids

A
  • Synthesized from cholesterol

- gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

19
Q

Eicosanoids

A

It’s considered a hormone by some scientists but most classify it as a paracrine

20
Q

The hormones circulate systemically

A

Only cells with the receptors for that home or are affected

21
Q

Target cells

A

Tissues with the receptors for a specific hormone

Hormones alter a target cell activity

22
Q

Hormone action on target cells may be too

A
  • Alter plasma membrane permeability and or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
  • stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
  • activate or deactivate enzymes
  • induce secretory activity
  • stimulate mitosis
23
Q

Hormones act in one of two ways depending on their chemical nature and receptor location

A
  1. Water soluble hormones

2. lipid soluble hormones

24
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

All the amino acid-based hormones exact thyroid hormone

  • acts on plasma membrane receptors
  • act via G proteins second messengers
  • cannot enter cell
25
Q

Lipid soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones)

A
  • Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
  • can enter a cell
26
Q

Amino acid-based hormones

A

Except thyroid hormones exert effects through the second messenger system

27
Q

Two main second messenger systems

A
  1. Cyclic AMP

2. PIP2-calcium

28
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling mechanism #1

A
  1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to a receptor
  2. Receptor activates a G protein
  3. G proteins activate or inhibits effector enzyme adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase Then converts ATP to see a cAMP (second messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein Kinases that phosphorylate (add a phosphate) other proteins
29
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling mechanism #2

A
  • Phosphorylated proteins are then either activated or an activated
  • cAMP is rapidly degraded by enzyme phosphodiesterase, stopping Cascade
  • Cascades have huge amplification effect
30
Q

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism #1

A

Hormone activated G Protein activates a different effector enzyme: phospholipase C

Activated phospholipase C splits membrane protein PIP2 into two second messengers

31
Q

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

A

Activates protein kinases

32
Q

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

A

Causes. CA2+ release from intracellular storage sites

33
Q

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism #2

A

Calcium ions actors another second messenger

  • CA 2 plus alters enzyme activity and channels or binds to regulatory proteins calmodulin
  • Calcium bonded calmodulin activates enzymes that amplifies cellular response
34
Q

Other signaling mechanisms

A

cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) is a second messenger for selected hormones

Other hormones work without second messenger system

35
Q

Example

A

insulin receptor is a tyrosine kinase enzyme that autophosphorylates upon insulin binding

  • Activated tyrosine kinases provide docking sites for relay proteins that trigger cell responses

BIO 182 (1 decks)

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