Endocrine Reproduction Regulation

Question 1

What are the two main functions of the Reproductive System

Answer 1

Endocrine Function and Reproductive Function

Question 2

What is the difference in outcomes between male mitosis and female mitosis?

Answer 2

Males end with 4 gametes and Females only produce 1 mature with 2 polar bodies.

Question 3

If there is a mutation during Anaphase I of the spermatogenesis how many viable gametes will you end with in comparison to if it was at Anaphase II?

Answer 3

Anaphase I – You would have 2

Anaphase II – you would end with 3

Question 4

What is the definition of a true hermaphrodites

Answer 4

Someone that has both male and female gonads

Question 5

What is a pseudo hermaphrodite?

Answer 5

Someone who has internal gonads of one gender but external gonads of the other gender.

Question 6

You have a patient with the karyotype 46XY but has female external gonads. What is the cause of this?

Answer 6

There was a mutation in the SRY region of the Y chromosome leading to an decreased SOX9 expression.

Question 7

Which of the chromosomes is responsible for the androgen receptor?

Answer 7

The X Chromosome.

Question 8

Prior to what point in gestation is the fetus indifferent to any gender?

Answer 8

~6 weeks because that is when the genital ridges are invaded by migratory germ cells.

Question 9

What is the function of the wollfian duct?

Answer 9

Male internal reproductive tract

Question 10

What is the function of the Mullarian duct?

Answer 10

Female internal reproductive tract

Question 11

The Testes determinant factor comes from which part of what chromosome?

Answer 11

The Y Chromosome on the p arm in the SRY region.

Question 12

Where is Testosterone produced?

Answer 12

Leydig Cells

Question 13

A patient comes in and is Karyotype 46XY but does not express any internal male reprotuctive tract features and actually has a female tract. What is a possibility for the cause of this?

Answer 13

There was a mutation in the Leydig cells that prevented the production of testosterone leading to the destruction of the Wolffian duct and the expression of the Mullarian duct to form the fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix and upper 1/3 of the vagina.

Question 14

What are the two hormones that the male internal genitalia depend on?

Answer 14

Testosterone and Mullarian-inhibiting hormone (MIH or anti-mullarian hormone AMH)

Question 15

While scanning a fetus you notice that they are starting to have an increase in production from the Medulla rather than the cortex of the gonad. What does this information suggest to you about the fetus?

Answer 15

That the fetus is going to be a male and it is starting to form testes.

If it was forming in the cortex it would be a female

Question 16

What are the two Coelomic cells?

Answer 16

Granulosa cells in females and Sertoli cells in Males

Question 17

What are the two Mesenchymal Cells?

Answer 17

Theca in Female and Leydig in males.

Question 18

When the cortex regresses in the presence of primitive sex cells in the medulla what does it become?

Answer 18

It will eventually become leydig cells and produce testosterone.

Question 19

Once germ cells undergo Mitosis and form oogonia what happens to them?

Answer 19

That start Meiosis but are arrested in late prophase I.

Question 20

How is testosterone and Estrogen transported through the body?

Answer 20

They are bound to Sex Steroid Binding Globulin (SSBG) or albumin

Question 21

What is the half life of the hormones

Answer 21

~30-60 minutes so they have to be effective in their job

Question 22

Where in the cell do the steroids bind to their receptors?

Answer 22

In the CTYOPLASM.

Question 23

What is the starting point for all steroid hormones?

Answer 23

Pregnenolone

Question 24

If someone lacks the 5 alpha-reductase what hormone are they going to create?

Answer 24

You will have a build up of testosterone and if aromatase is present you will make estrogen.

Question 25

Where is Estrogen produced and where is Progesterone produced?

Answer 25

E is from Granulosa cells and theca cells

P is produces from the Corpus luteum and later from the placenta.

Question 26

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the precursor for what hormone?

Answer 26

All Estrogens.

Question 27

What are the 4 primary male sex organs?

Answer 27

Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicle, Ejaculatory Ducts

Question 28

What are the 3 secondary male sex organs?

Answer 28

Prostate, Penis, Scrotum

Question 29

What are the 4 secondary female sex organs?

Answer 29

Clitoris, Labia minora, Labia majora, Lower vagina.

Question 30

What are the 4 primary female sex organs?

Answer 30

Oviducts, Uterus, Cervix, Upper 1/3 Vagina.

Question 31

What syndrome is due to androgen insensitivity?

Answer 31

Morris Syndrome

Question 32

What are the phenotypical signs of Morris syndrome

Answer 32

Undescended testes, Male Genotype, Blind ending vagine, Greater than average height.