Endocrine Reproduction Regulation Flashcards
What are the two main functions of the Reproductive System
Endocrine Function and Reproductive Function
What is the difference in outcomes between male mitosis and female mitosis?
Males end with 4 gametes and Females only produce 1 mature with 2 polar bodies.
If there is a mutation during Anaphase I of the spermatogenesis how many viable gametes will you end with in comparison to if it was at Anaphase II?
Anaphase I – You would have 2
Anaphase II – you would end with 3
What is the definition of a true hermaphrodites
Someone that has both male and female gonads
What is a pseudo hermaphrodite?
Someone who has internal gonads of one gender but external gonads of the other gender.
You have a patient with the karyotype 46XY but has female external gonads. What is the cause of this?
There was a mutation in the SRY region of the Y chromosome leading to an decreased SOX9 expression.
Which of the chromosomes is responsible for the androgen receptor?
The X Chromosome.
Prior to what point in gestation is the fetus indifferent to any gender?
~6 weeks because that is when the genital ridges are invaded by migratory germ cells.
What is the function of the wollfian duct?
Male internal reproductive tract
What is the function of the Mullarian duct?
Female internal reproductive tract
The Testes determinant factor comes from which part of what chromosome?
The Y Chromosome on the p arm in the SRY region.
Where is Testosterone produced?
Leydig Cells
A patient comes in and is Karyotype 46XY but does not express any internal male reprotuctive tract features and actually has a female tract. What is a possibility for the cause of this?
There was a mutation in the Leydig cells that prevented the production of testosterone leading to the destruction of the Wolffian duct and the expression of the Mullarian duct to form the fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix and upper 1/3 of the vagina.
What are the two hormones that the male internal genitalia depend on?
Testosterone and Mullarian-inhibiting hormone (MIH or anti-mullarian hormone AMH)
While scanning a fetus you notice that they are starting to have an increase in production from the Medulla rather than the cortex of the gonad. What does this information suggest to you about the fetus?
That the fetus is going to be a male and it is starting to form testes.
If it was forming in the cortex it would be a female
What are the two Coelomic cells?
Granulosa cells in females and Sertoli cells in Males
What are the two Mesenchymal Cells?
Theca in Female and Leydig in males.
When the cortex regresses in the presence of primitive sex cells in the medulla what does it become?
It will eventually become leydig cells and produce testosterone.
Once germ cells undergo Mitosis and form oogonia what happens to them?
That start Meiosis but are arrested in late prophase I.
How is testosterone and Estrogen transported through the body?
They are bound to Sex Steroid Binding Globulin (SSBG) or albumin
What is the half life of the hormones
~30-60 minutes so they have to be effective in their job
Where in the cell do the steroids bind to their receptors?
In the CTYOPLASM.
What is the starting point for all steroid hormones?
Pregnenolone
If someone lacks the 5 alpha-reductase what hormone are they going to create?
You will have a build up of testosterone and if aromatase is present you will make estrogen.
Where is Estrogen produced and where is Progesterone produced?
E is from Granulosa cells and theca cells
P is produces from the Corpus luteum and later from the placenta.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the precursor for what hormone?
All Estrogens.
What are the 4 primary male sex organs?
Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicle, Ejaculatory Ducts
What are the 3 secondary male sex organs?
Prostate, Penis, Scrotum
What are the 4 secondary female sex organs?
Clitoris, Labia minora, Labia majora, Lower vagina.
What are the 4 primary female sex organs?
Oviducts, Uterus, Cervix, Upper 1/3 Vagina.
What syndrome is due to androgen insensitivity?
Morris Syndrome
What are the phenotypical signs of Morris syndrome
Undescended testes, Male Genotype, Blind ending vagine, Greater than average height.
