endocrine questions Flashcards
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1
Q
what is necrosis
A
non programed cell death
2
Q
what is apoptosis
A
programmed cell death NO inflammation cell membrane dissolved first nucleus guides death and destroyed last
3
Q
what is pyknosis
A
nucleus turns into blobs
4
Q
what is karyorrhexis
A
nucleus fragments
5
Q
what is karyolysis
A
nucleus dissolves
6
Q
what is somatotrope
A
GH
7
Q
what is gonadatrope
A
LH AND FSH
8
Q
WHAT IS THYROTROPE
A
TSH
9
Q
WHAT IS CORTICOTROPE
A
ACTH
10
Q
WHAT IS A LACTOTROPE
A
PRL- PROLACTIIN
11
Q
WHAT RECEPTORS DO PROTEN HORMONS USE
A
cell membrane receptors
12
Q
what receptors do steroid hormones use
A
nuclear membrane receptors (except cortisol! - cytoplasmic receptor
13
Q
what are the steroid hormones
A
progesterone, estradiol (E2) testosterone , cortisol, aldosterone
14
Q
what dose endocrine mean
A
secreted into blood
15
Q
what dose exocrine mean
A
secreted into a duct
16
Q
what dose Autocrine mean
A
works on its self
17
Q
what is paracrine
A
works on neighbor
18
Q
what is merocrine
A
cell maintained
19
Q
what is apocrine
A
apex of cell is secreted
20
Q
what is holocrine
A
the Whole cell is secreted
21
Q
what organs do not require insulin?
A
Brin Rbc Intestine Cardiac Kidneys Liver
22
Q
what is the function of GNRH and where is it secreted
A
hipthalmus- Stimulates fsh and LH in anterior pituatery
23
Q
what is the function of GHRH and where is it secreted
A
secreted in hipothamus stimulats GH in antior pituatry
24
Q
what is the function of CRH
A
stimuate ATCH
25
what is the function of TRH ?
stimulate tsh
26
what is the function of PRH ?
stimulates prolactin ( PRL)
27
what dose dopamine (DA) do ?
inhibits PRL
28
what dose Somatostine do ?
inhibits every thing ! but mainly GH
29
what dose ADH do and where is it secreted
vasoconstriction AND RESERVES WATER secreted in hypothalamus
30
what doses Oxytocin do?
milk by let down
31
what dose gh do
insulin growth factor-1 IGF-1, release from liver
32
what is the function of TSH
stimulates T3 & T4 from thyroid (T3 active form)
33
what is the function of LH
Stimulates Testosterone release from testies in interstitial cells called leydig cells ,stimulates estradiol E2. and progesterone from ovary and releases egg release ovulation
34
what is the function of FSH
men stimulates sperm and egg growth
35
what is the function of PRL
milk production
36
what is the function of ACTH
stimulates cortisol and androgen realize from adrenal gland
37
what is the function if MSH( melanocyte sitmulating hormone ) where is it produced
provides skin pigmentation intermediate pituat
38
what are the stress hormones and when do they appear?
```
epinephrine (immediately)
glucagon(20)
insulin(30)
ADH(30)
cortisol (2-4)
GH(24hr)
```
39
what is diabetes insipidus (DI)
too little ADH-- polyuria
40
what is central (neurogenic ) diabetes insipidus
brain not producing enough or not at all ADH
41
what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
ADH receptor V2 aquaporin is blocked or broken,, suspect lithium toxicity
42
what dose water deprivation test tell you
if the patient fails to concentrate ruin
43
what dose giving ddavp during the water depravation test tell you
>50%increase( central complete DI) 10-50%increase ( central partial dI)
44
what is SIADH
too much ADH present causes plasma volume to expand
45
what is the difference between DI and SIADH
DI- dilated urine and SIADH-concentrated urin
46
what psychogeneic polydipsia
pathologic water drinking will have low plasma osmolarity
47
what dose aldosterone do
reabsorbs NA and 3 waters and secrets hydrogen and potassium
48
what dose atrial nutrition peptide do ?
inhibits aldosterone and dilates the afferent arteriole
49
what is neuroblastoma
adrenal medulla tumor in KIDs. dancing eyes and feet
| secrets catecholamines
50
what is a pheochromocytoma?
```
adrenal medulla tumor in adults they will have 5 Ps. :palpitations,perspiration,pallor,pressure(htn)
and pain (cephalic)
```
51
what are the layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce ?
```
zona glomerulosa( aldosterone )
zona fasiculata (cortisol)
zona reticularis(Adrogens)
```
52
what is conns syndrome ?
high aldosterone (primary tumor) **captoprile test makes it worse
53
whats does calcitonin do ?
inhibits osteoclasts and binds to calcium
54
what is multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 ?
Wermers 3 Ps:pancreas pituitary and parathyroid adenoma
55
what dose multiple endocrine neoplasia ll do (2A)
"sipples "pheocromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and parathyroid adenoma
56
what is multiple endocrine neoplasia lll( 2B)
pheocromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid , mucosal neuroma/marafanoid body
57
what is cck what dose it do ?
inhibits gastrin motility and bile realize sitmulates the gallbladder
58
what does cortisol do
gluconeogenisis by proteolysis and this skin
59
what is addison disease
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex, causes hyper pigmentation (looks tan). increased ACTH
60
what is waterhouse fredrichsen syndrome WFS
| or hemmorrhagis adrenaline or fluminant meningococcemia
adrenal hemmorage most commonly due to meningococcus neisseria meningitis
61
what is cushing syndrome
high cholesterol produced from pituitary tumor adrenal tumor small cell CA in lung.
62
what is cushing disease
high ACTH due to pituitary tumor
63
if the low dose dexamethasone test surpasses what dose that tell you
paitest is either depressed obese or its a normal varient
64
if low dose dexamethasone test does not suppress what dose that tell you
paitent has cushing tumor.then do a high dex test next
65
if high dexamethasone test surpasses what dose that tell you
pituatary tumor elevated acth
66
if high dexamethasone test dose not suppress what dose that tell you
ectopic production of ACTH ( small cell lung) or adrenal ca (high cortizol).
67
what are the survival hormones ?
cortizol permissive ( stress) TSH - permissive under normal
68
what does epinefrine do epi
drives gluconeogenesis
69
what dose erythropoietin do
makes rbc
70
what does gastrin do where is it secreted ?
stimulates parental cell to release inartistic factor and H
71
what does GH do
stimulates growth sends somatomedin to growth plates gluconeogenesis by proteolysis
72
what is the receptor problem with pygmies
patient with no somatomedin receptor
73
what is achondroplasia
patient with abnormal fgf receptor in extremities
74
what is acromegaly
GH tumor producing increasing igf1: bone growth in adults coarse facial features,large furrowed tongue deep husky voice and jaw protrusion
75
what is gigantism
childhood from acromegaly
76
what dose gip do
increases insulin action responsible for pos prandial hypoglycemia
77
what does insulin do
pushes glucose into the cell and k
78
what is type 1 diabetes
anti islet cell antibody, / GAD antibody. coxackie B infection , low insulin ,DKA, polyuria , polydipsia, polyfagia
79
what is type 2 diabetes mellitus
insulin receptor insensitivity , honk coma , Acanthosis nigricans
80
how dose DKA present
kussmual respiration , fruity breath (acetone) altered mental status
81
what is the dawn phenomenon
morning hyperglycemia secondary to GH
82
what is somogyi effect
morning hyperglycemia secondary to evening hypoglycemia
83
what is factitious hypoglycemia
exogenouse insulin use . labs show elevated insulin and low c peptide
84
what is an insulinoma
insulin secreting tumor labs show elevated insulin and c peptide
85
what is an erythrasma
rash on skin folds coral red under woods lamp
86
what is metabolic syndrome x
pre dm due to htn , dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, Acanthosis nigricans
87
what are the foot ulcer risk factors
poor glycemic control, HBA1c >7 smoking , bony abnormality previous ulcers
88
what conditions cause weight gain
obesty, hypothyroidism, depression , cushing, anasacra
89
what dose motilin do
stimulates segmentation ( primarly peristalis) and migrationg motor complexes
90
what dose PTH do
stimulates osteoblast to stimulate osteoclast
91
what dose vitamin d do
helps ca reabsorbtion from the gi tract
92
what does parathyroid chief cells secret
pth
93
what do stomach chief cells secrete
pepsin
94
what is the difference between epinefrin and norepinefrin
NE- neurotransmitter , epi : hormone
95
what diagnosis has primary hyperthyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
96
what diagnosis has secondary hyperparathyroidism
renal failure
97
what is familiar hypocalcemia
patients with decreased calcium excretion
98
what disease process is present when both serum ca2 and serum po4 are decreased
vit. d deficiency
99
what type of problem is there if serum ca and serum pop change in opposite directions
this is a secondary problem
100
what is the most common cause of primary hypoparathyroidism
thyroidectomy
101
what is pseudohypoparathyroidins
bad kidney pth receptor decreased urinary camp
102
what is pseudo pseudo hypothyroidism
g protien defect there is no calcium problem
103
what is hungry bone syndrome
removel of path and the bone sucks calcium
104
what dose secretin do
secretion of bicarbonate , inhibits gastrin , tighten pyloric sphincter
105
what dose somatostatin do
inhibits secretin, motilin, and cck
106
what does t3 and t4 do
growth and differentiation
107
what disease has exophthalmos
graves disease
108
what disease has enopthalmos
horner , marfan
109
what are the hyperthyroid disease
graves , plummers,jod-basedow,dequervain, silent thyroiditis
110
what do you see in graves disease
exopthalmos , pretibial myxedema, anti tsh receptor antibodys
111
what do you see in dequervain
viral origin painful jaw , hypo and hyperthyroid symptoms
112
when do you see in silent thyroiditis
post partum paitents
113
when will you see plumbers disease
patients with benign adenomas and or patients over 50
114
what is jod-basedow disease
transient hyperthyroidism due to increased iodine
115
what are the hypothyroid disease
hasimoto , reidel , creatinism, euroid sicks syndrom, wolf chaikoff
116
what is redials syndrome
woody connective tissue in neck death due to suffocation . must rule out ca
117
what is cretin
mom and baby are hypothyroid they have features in the wrong place , dietary problems
118
what is euthryoid sick syndrom
low t3 syndrome , decreased conversion from t3 to t4
119
what is wolf chaikoff
transient hypothyroid syndrome
120
what is plumbers syndrom
hyperthyroid adenoma
121
what is plummer vinson syndrome
esophageal webs
122
what dose the wolffian duct do
allows male internal genitalia expression
123
what does testosterone do
makes external male genitalia
124
what dose mullerian inhibition factor do
inhibits formation of female internal structures
125
what dose thyroid peroxides and thymosin do
help t cells mature
126
what do vasoactive intestinal peptide do
inhibits secretion motilin and cck opens shincters
127
how does a vipoma present
watery diarrhea
128
how does a soma present
consitpation
129
what are the hormone disulfide bonds
piig .prolactin ,insulin ,inhibin, gh
130
what hormones have the same alpha subunits
lh fsh tsh
131
what hormone produce acidophils
GAP ; GH, ACIDOPHILS ,GH
132
What hormones produce basophils
B flat ; basophils ,FSH,LH,ACTH,TSH
133
WHAT HORMONES ARE RELEASED FROM THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
ADH (supraoptic nucleus) , OXYTOCIN(paraventricular nucleus)
134
WHAT IS SEEN IN HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS
antimicrosomal antibody, and anti tpo antibody
