Endocrine PP questions (Exam 1) Flashcards
Insulin’s actions include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Decreased conversion of amino acids to glucose
B. Increased protein synthesis
C. Increased glucose transport into cells
D. Inhibition of lipolysis
E. Stimulation of glycogenolysis
E. Stimulation of glycogenolysis
A 24y/o woman with type 1 diabetes wishes to try tight control of her diabetes to improve her long-term prognosis. Which of the following insulin regimens would be most appropriate?
A. Morning injections of insulin lispro mixed with insulin aspart
B. Evening injections of regular insulin mixed with insulin glargine
C. Morning and evening injections of regular insulin with small amounts of NPH insulin at mealtimes
D. Morning injections of insulin glargine, supplemented by small amounts of insulin lispro at mealtimes
D. Morning injections of insulin glargine, supplemented by small amounts of insulin lispro at mealtimes
Compared to NPH insulin, the main advantage of the recombinant insulin analogs glargine, detemir, and degludec is that they: A. Do not cause weight gain B. Cause less nocturnal hypoglycemia C. Have a more rapid peak D. All of the above
B. Cause less nocturnal hypoglycemia
The inhaled form of insulin (Afrezza):
A. Has an earlier maximal effect than injected insulin lispro
B. Has a longer duration of action than injected insulin lispro
C. Does not cause hypoglycemia
D. All of the above
A. Has an earlier maximal effect than injected insulin lispro
Which of the following statements is correct regarding insulin glargine? (multiple correct)
A. It is primarily used to control postprandial hyperglycemia
B. It is considered a “peakless” insulin
C. It is commonly used in a regimen with insulin lispro or insulin aspart
D. It may be administered intravenously in emergency cases.
B. It is considered a “peakless” insulin
C. It is commonly used in a regimen with insulin lispro or insulin aspart
WD is 40y/o patient with type 2 DM who has a blood glucose of 400mg/dL today at his office visit. The PA would like to give some insulin to bring the glucose down before he leaves the office. Which of the following would lower the glucose in the quickest manner in WD? A. Insulin glargine B. NPH insulin C. Regular insulin D. Insulin lispro
D. Insulin lispro
An unconscious patient wearing a diabetes alert bracelet is admitted to the ED. Blood sugar as measured by a glucometer was found to be very low. Before receiving stat lab results, which of the following is most likely to be immediately administered? A. Bicarbonate solution B. Dextrose solution 5% C. Hypotonic saline D. Normal saline E. Potassium chloride solution
B. Dextrose solution 5%
An unconscious patient wearing a diabetes alert bracelet is admitted to the ED. Blood sugar as measured by a glucometer was found to be very HIGH and the patient has skin turgor suggestive of dehydration. Before receiving stat lab results and in addition to IV administration of rapid-acting insulin, which of the following is most likely to be immediately administered? A. Bicarbonate solution B. Dextrose solution 5% C. Hypotonic saline D. Normal saline E. Potassium chloride solution
D. Normal saline
The target of drug therapy to DM2 is generally an A1C of less than: A. 6.8% B. 7.0% C. 7.2% D. 7.4%
B. 7.0%
A 58y/o man with DM2 had a MI 12 years ago and is concerned about the effect of diabetes treatment on his heart disease. You could tell him that a number of the drugs used to treat diabetes have been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. These include: A. Metformin B. Liraglutide C. Empagliflozin D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Metformin: A. Reduces A1C by 1.0-2.0% B. May decrease both microvascular and microvascular complications of diabetes C. Does not cause weight gain D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following statements is characteristic of metformin?
A. Decreases pancreatic insulin release
B. Undergoes significant metabolism by the CYP450 system
C. Should not be combined with sulfonylureas or insulin
D. Most common adverse effects are GI in nature
D. Most common adverse effects are GI in nature
A 54y/o obese patient with DM2 has a history of alcoholism. In this patient, metformin should be avoided or used with extreme caution because the combination of ethanol and metformin increases the risk of which of the following? A. Antabuse-like reaction B. Hypoglycemia C. Lactic acidosis D. Serious hepatotoxicity
C. Lactic acidosis
Which of the following agents promotes the release of endogenous insulin? A. Acarbose B. Canagliflozin C. Glipizide D. Metformin E. Pioglitazone
C. Glipizide
Sulfonylureas: A. Reduce A1C by 1-1.5% B. Increase the risk of stroke C. Do not cause weight gain D. All of the above
A. Reduce A1C by 1-1.5%
The PPAR-y receptor that is activated by thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) increases tissue sensitivity to insulin by which of the following mechanisms?
A. Activating adenylyl cyclase and increasing the intracellular concentration of cAMP
B. Inactivating a cellular inhibitor of the GLUT2 glucose transporter
C. Inhibiting acid glucosidase, a key enzyme in glycogen breakdown pathways
D. Regulating transcription of genes involved in glucose utilization
D. Regulating transcription of genes involved in glucose utilization
GLP-1 receptor agonists (-tides): A. Reduce A1C by 0.5% B. Cause more weight gain than insulin C. Have been shown to increase the risk of MI D. Must be injected
D. Must be injected
A 68y/o woman with a BMI of 35, systolic HTN, and DM2 has not achieved an A1C <8% on maximum doses of metformin and eventide. You are considering whether to start her on insulin of an SGLT2 inhibitor (-gliflozins). Factors that you might consider could include which of the following?
A. SGLT2 inhibitors cause weight loss
B. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce systolic BP
C. Empagliflozin has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A 55y/o menopausal woman was recently diagnosed with DM2 based on her fasting blood glucose levels. Her HbA1c levels average ~7% so that diet, exercise, and a single drug (monotherapy) may be sufficient to regulate her fasting glucose levels. Which of the following should be prescribed? A. Acarbose B. Dapagliflozin C. Insulin lispro D. Metformin E. Glipizide
D. Metformin
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause hypoglycemia when used as monotherapy in the treatment of DM2? A. Acarbose B. Canagliflozin C. Glyburide D. Insulin lispro E. Metformin
C. Glyburide
Which of the following can cause hypovolemia, dehydration, and cause acute renal injury? A. Sulfonylureas B. DPP-4 inhibitors (-gliptins) C. SGLT2 inhibitors (-gliflozins) D. GLP1 receptor agonists (-tides)
C. SGLT2 inhibitors (-gliflozins)
A 3y/o boy with failure to thrive and metabolic disturbances was found to have an inactivating mutation in the gene that encodes the growth hormone receptor. Which of the following drugs is most likely to improve his metabolic function and promote growth? A. Dopamine B. Bromocriptine C. Recombinant IGF D. Ocreotide E. Somatropin
C. Recombinant IGF
A 3y/o girl was referred to the genetic counselor by her pediatrician. She presents with short stature (3 SDs below norm) and appears to have loose skin on her neck. Cytogenic testing reveals an XO karyotype (Turner’s syndrome). Which of the following drugs will allow her to achieve a higher adult height?
A. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
B. Somatropin
C. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
D. Somatostatin
E. Bromocriptine
B. Somatropin
All of the following drugs may be beneficial in the treatment of patients with acromegaly EXCEPT: A. Lancreotide B. Ocreotide C. Pegvisomant D. Somatostatin E. Somatropin
E. Somatropin