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Physiology > Endocrine Physiology: Pituitary and Adrenals Test 3 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology: Pituitary and Adrenals Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

feedback mechanisms generally involves 4 features. What are they?

A
  1. system variable
  2. Set point
  3. Detector
  4. Corrective mechansim
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2
Q

what is endocrinology?

A

the study of the endocrine system and hormone action

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3
Q

hormones act by binding receptors on or in target cells by controlling what? there are 3 things

A

rates of enzymatic reactions
controlling the movement of ions or molecules across membranes
controlling gene expression and protein synthesis

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4
Q

the secretion of hormones into the blood stream by neurons is called?

A

neurocrine

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5
Q

the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream by endocrine glands is called?

A

endocrine

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6
Q

hormone molecules secreted by one cell affects adjacent cells is what?

A

paracrine

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7
Q

hormone molecule secreted by a cell affects the secreting cell

A

autocrine

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8
Q

T/F bound forms of hormones are considered inactive?

A

true

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9
Q

bound forms of hormones can act as what?

A

reservoirs

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10
Q

what are the 3 chemical classifications for hormones?

A

amines (tyrosine derivatives)
peptide hormones
steroid hormones

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11
Q

which type of hormones are lipophilic (non-polar)? and where are the receptors on or in cells?

A

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

receptors are intracellular

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12
Q

what type of hormones are hydrophilic (polar)? and where are the receptors on or in cells?

A

peptide hormones and catecholamines

receptors are extracellular cell membrane receptors

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13
Q

what are the two types of amine hormones and describe their characteristics regarding receptor sites and such?

A
  • thyroid: lipophilic and bind to nuclear receptors. example: triiodothryonine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Long half lives
  • catecholamines: hydrophilic and bind to cell surface receptors. examples: epinephrine and norepinephrine. short half lives
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14
Q

how do what soluble hormones(peptides and catecholamines) affect transcription of target genes or how does signal transduction occur with these types of hormones?

A

they act as a first messenger that binds to a G-protein receptor on the surface and then a second messenger that is inside the cell (usually cAMP) then initiates the signal cascade.

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15
Q

what are the most numerous type of hormones in the body?

A

peptide hormones

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16
Q

Peptide hormones are water soluble and are often produced as what?

A

precursors called preprophormones that are proteolytically cleaved post-translationaly to an active form.

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17
Q

T/F peptide proteins must be exocytosed and secreted from the cell and transported in the blood bound to carrier proteins?

A

true

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18
Q

where is the preprohormone formed with in the cell?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

where does the preprohormone get broken down into a prohormone?

A

golgi apparatus

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20
Q

what are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol and the are all lipid-soluble

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21
Q

what do steroid hormones need to do before they can be transported in the blood?

A

must be carried by a plasma hormone-specific plasma binding globulins.
*these bound steroid hormones serve as a reservoir for rapid release.

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22
Q

what type of hormones can cross the cell membrane and bind directly to intracellular receptors?

A

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

23
Q

what is the complex called that the lipid soluble hormone binds to? and what do they do?

A

hormone-receptor complex

they act as a transcription factor regulating transcription of the target gene.

24
Q

what is aromatase and what does it do?

A

it is an enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens.

this is done by trophoblastic tumors and by some normal adipose tissue, liver and brain

25
Q

what is a tropic hormone?

A

a hormone released from the pituitary gland

involve in short-loop feedback to the hypothalamus

26
Q

what is the anterior pituitary gland?

A

classical gland that secretes protein hormones that stimulate/inhibit target organs and may feedback to hypothalamus

27
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland?

A

it is not a separate organ, but an extension of the hypothalamus.
composed of axons of hypothalamic neurons

28
Q

what connects the posterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibular stalk

29
Q

what is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

A

responsible for the adaption component of the stress response.
Has regulatory implications on many body processes including digestion, the immune system, mood and emotions.

30
Q

how does vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) ADH regulate serum osmolality?

A

it produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus and secreted at the posterior pituitary gland.
Main control is by hypothalamic osmoreceptors

31
Q

what does ADH (vasopressin) do?

A

increases the water permeability of the renal collecting duct by inserting aquaporins to increase water reabsorbtion from urine into circulation.
-makes hypertonic urine (concentrated)

32
Q

T/F all adrenocortical hormones are steroid compounds?

A

true

33
Q

the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland secretes what steroid compound?

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

34
Q

the zona fasciculata secretes what steroid compound?

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

35
Q

the zona reticularis secretes what steroid hormone?

A

adrenal androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone) DHEA

36
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

catecholamines (epinephrines EPI, and norepinephrine NE)

37
Q

what do mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) effect?

A
  • promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the renal tubular epithelial cells of the collecting and distal tubules.
  • leads to an increase in extracellular fluid volume
38
Q

what is aldosterone escape?

A

presistently elevated extracellular fluid volumes causes pressure diuresis in the kidney.

39
Q

if levels of aldosterone are increased what happens to muscles?

A

hypokalemia occurs and muscle weakness is observed

40
Q

if levels of aldosterone are decreased what happens?

A

leads to hyperkalemia with cardiac toxicity.

41
Q

how do glucocorticoids (cortisol) effect the body?

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver while decreasing glucose use by extrahepatic cells in the body

  • leads to an increase in serum glucose(adrenal diabetes) and increased glycogen stores in the liver
  • clinically significant anti-inflammatory effects by stabilizing membrane, preventing release of proteolytic enzymes.
  • immunity is adversely affected
42
Q

effects of adrenal androgens on body?

A

sex hormones:(DHEA), androstenedione, and 11-hydroxyandrostenedione
small quantities of progesterone and estrogen via aromatization
-most effects result from extra-adrenal conversion of androgens to testosterone
-parallels secretion of cortisol

43
Q

effects of the adrenal medulla on the body/

A

80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine into blood stream due to Ach.

  • short term stress response
  • acute stress (fight or flight)
  • longer stress (metabolic changes and immune suppression)
44
Q

cortisol regulation by HPA axis

A

hypothalamus signaled by circadian rhythm, stress, pro inflam cytokines to increase corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus

  • Ant. Pitu. increases release of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to increase cortisol synthesis and secretion from the adrenal gland.
  • glucocorticoid, cortisol suppresses both CRH and ACTH at the pituitary and hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.
45
Q

what are three types of endocrine disorders?

A

endocrine hyposecretion (hormone deficiency)

  • hormone resistance
  • hormone excess
46
Q

type I diabetes myelitis is what type of endocrine disorder?

A

hyposecretion (hormone deficiency)

beta cells are destroyed

47
Q

type II diabetes myelitis is what type of endocrine disorder?

A

hormone resistance due to signal transduction uncoupling

48
Q

acromegaly (gigantism) and graves disease are what type of endocrine disorder?

A

hormone excess

49
Q

adrenal insufficiency leads to what disease?

A

addison’s disease

50
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

gigantism due to hormone excess of growth hormone

51
Q

what causes cushing’s syndrome

A

excess ACTH which leads to an over production of cortisol.

52
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

and a disease

A

fatigue, constipation, dry skin, depression infertility, weight gain, heavy menstral periods.
-Hashimoto’s disease

53
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms and a diseasea

A

due to too much thyroid hormone
weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating, infertility, nervousness
Graves disease

54
Q

Grave’s disease is caused by what? and what is the most common symptom?

A

caused by overactive thyroid, which is an autoimmune disorder.
-Exopthalmos (bulging eyes)

Physiology (14 decks)

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