Endocrine Physiology

Question 1

What hormones are essential for life?

Answer 1

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Insulin

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 2

What are the types of endocrine secretion? and what hormone is secreted?

Answer 2

Neurosecretion

paracrine

autocrine

exocrine - protein

Question 3

What are the classes of hormones?

Answer 3

1. peptide
2. amine
3. steroid

Question 4

Catacohlamines and thyroid hormones belong to which class of hormones?

Answer 4

amine

Question 5

What amino acid are amine hormones derived from?

Answer 5

tyrosine

Question 6

Where are the amine hormones secreted from?

Answer 6

T3, T4 - thyroid gland

Epi and norepi - adrenal medulla

dopamine - hypothalmic cells

Question 7

Why are steriod hormones lipid soluble?

Answer 7

synthesized from cholesterol

Question 8

what are the 2 types of amin hormones?

Answer 8

1. catecholamines (epi, norepi, dopamine)

2. thyroid (T3,T4)

Question 9

Which hormones do NOT permeate membraones?

Answer 9

peptide and catecholamines of the amine hormones

Question 10

which hormones permeate readily?

Answer 10

Thyroid hormones of amine hormones

steroid hormones

Question 11

what type of solubility do peptide and catecholamines have?

Answer 11

low lipid solubility

high water solubility (very soluble in blood)

Question 12

Where are peptide hormones synthesized?

Answer 12

ER and golgi

Question 13

where are catecholamines synthesized?

Answer 13

chromaffin cells

Question 14

facts about catecholamines

Answer 14

synthesis in chrmaffin cells cytoplasm and granules
stored in granules
ACh (preganglionic nerves) causes release into blood

Question 15

What zones of the adrenal gland are the following release from:

1. Aldosterone
2. cortisol and androgens
3. Epi and norepi

Answer 15

1. Aldosterone - glomerulosa
2. cortisol and androgens - fasciulata
3. Epi and norepi - medella

Question 16

Since peptide hormones and catecholamines are H20 soluble, how do they diffues into cells?

Answer 16

bind to membrane receptors by weak, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions

Question 17

how quickly does target cell respond to release of peptide hormones and catecholamine hormones?

Answer 17

with seconds

Question 18

how to peptide and catecholamine communicate with 2nd messengers in the cell

Answer 18

G protein
tyrosine kinase or
JAK kinase

Question 19

Where are the G protiens and effoctor proteins?

Answer 19

cell membrane

Question 20

What breaks down cAMP in the cytosol, cause cAMP to terminate actions?

Answer 20

phosphodiesterase (breaks it down to AMP)

Question 21

peptide hormones and catecholamines produce _________ responses in their target cells

Answer 21

phasic

Question 22

why does hormone concentration in blood fall?

Answer 22

inactivated by liver and kidney

Question 23

What enzyme is associated with chanel closing?

Answer 23

Phosphatase

Question 24

Why is cell response short lived when calcuim is released from the ER into the cytoplasm of the cell?

Answer 24

plasma membrane pumps Ca ions out of the cell (no longer available to bind with Ca modulin)

Question 25

what 2nd messengers does the effector protein, phospholipase C activate?

Answer 25

DAG - diacylglycerol | IP3 - inositol triphosphate

Question 26

2nd messenger cGMP is associated with which effector protein?

Answer 26

guanylate cyclase

Question 27

where is T3 and T4 synthesized?

Answer 27

follicular cells

Question 28

what componds interact to make T3 & T4

Answer 28

``` T3 = MIT + DIT T4 = DIT + DIT ```

Question 29

What hormones stimulates the actions of follicle cell to make T3,T4?

Answer 29

TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 30

True or False. Lipid soluble steroid hormones are not stored in the endocrine cell, they diffuse directly into the blood.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Steroid hormones are synthesized from what?

Answer 31

cholesterol (converted to pregenolone then..)

Question 32

What do steriod and thyroid hormones bind to in blood?

Answer 32

plasma PRO ( globulins and albunin)

Question 33

True or False. only BOUND hormone is able to enter cell and interact with receptors of target cells

Answer 33

false. (free hormone)

Question 34

Steroid hormone receptors are located where in relation to the cell?

Answer 34

in the cell. (DNA transcription altering)

Question 35

Genes that are upregulated by steroid or thyroid hormones increase what functions?

Answer 35

increase: 1. ion transport 2. metabolism 3. cell size/tissue mass

Question 36

True or False: ALL peptide hormones also possess the capability of stimulating protein synthesis

Answer 36

False -- MOST peptide hormones

Question 37

True or False. All hormones are cleared from the blood, primarily by the liver, kidney, secondarily by the target cell

Answer 37

True

Question 38

characteristics of Cell response to hormones

Answer 38

1. saturation 2. potentation 3. permissiveness

Question 39

what occurs with a permissive cell response?

Answer 39

example | cortisol must synthesize some cell proteins before epinephrine can produce a response

Question 40

TSH is secreted from where?

Answer 40

thyrotropes of anterior pituitary gland

Question 41

what types of tissue are effected by the pituitary gland

Answer 41

anterior pituitary = glandular | posterior pituitary = neural

Question 42

What stimulates antior pituitary to release hormones?

Answer 42

hypothalmus via thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 43

Which hypothalmus hormone inhibits growth hormone?

Answer 43

somatostatin

Question 44

Which hypothalmus hormone inhibits prolactin?

Answer 44

dopamine