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Physiology: endocrine and GI > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

information from endocrine physiology

1
Q

What hormones are essential for life?

A

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Insulin

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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2
Q

What are the types of endocrine secretion? and what hormone is secreted?

A

Neurosecretion

paracrine

autocrine

exocrine - protein

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3
Q

What are the classes of hormones?

A
  1. peptide
  2. amine
  3. steroid
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4
Q

Catacohlamines and thyroid hormones belong to which class of hormones?

A

amine

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5
Q

What amino acid are amine hormones derived from?

A

tyrosine

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6
Q

Where are the amine hormones secreted from?

A

T3, T4 - thyroid gland

Epi and norepi - adrenal medulla

dopamine - hypothalmic cells

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7
Q

Why are steriod hormones lipid soluble?

A

synthesized from cholesterol

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of amin hormones?

A
  1. catecholamines (epi, norepi, dopamine)

2. thyroid (T3,T4)

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9
Q

Which hormones do NOT permeate membraones?

A

peptide and catecholamines of the amine hormones

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10
Q

which hormones permeate readily?

A

Thyroid hormones of amine hormones

steroid hormones

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11
Q

what type of solubility do peptide and catecholamines have?

A

low lipid solubility

high water solubility (very soluble in blood)

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12
Q

Where are peptide hormones synthesized?

A

ER and golgi

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13
Q

where are catecholamines synthesized?

A

chromaffin cells

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14
Q

facts about catecholamines

A

synthesis in chrmaffin cells cytoplasm and granules
stored in granules
ACh (preganglionic nerves) causes release into blood

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15
Q

What zones of the adrenal gland are the following release from:

  1. Aldosterone
  2. cortisol and androgens
  3. Epi and norepi
A
  1. Aldosterone - glomerulosa
  2. cortisol and androgens - fasciulata
  3. Epi and norepi - medella
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16
Q

Since peptide hormones and catecholamines are H20 soluble, how do they diffues into cells?

A

bind to membrane receptors by weak, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions

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17
Q

how quickly does target cell respond to release of peptide hormones and catecholamine hormones?

A

with seconds

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18
Q

how to peptide and catecholamine communicate with 2nd messengers in the cell

A

G protein
tyrosine kinase or
JAK kinase

19
Q

Where are the G protiens and effoctor proteins?

A

cell membrane

20
Q

What breaks down cAMP in the cytosol, cause cAMP to terminate actions?

A

phosphodiesterase (breaks it down to AMP)

21
Q

peptide hormones and catecholamines produce _________ responses in their target cells

A

phasic

22
Q

why does hormone concentration in blood fall?

A

inactivated by liver and kidney

23
Q

What enzyme is associated with chanel closing?

A

Phosphatase

24
Q

Why is cell response short lived when calcuim is released from the ER into the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

plasma membrane pumps Ca ions out of the cell (no longer available to bind with Ca modulin)

25
Q

what 2nd messengers does the effector protein, phospholipase C activate?

A

DAG - diacylglycerol

IP3 - inositol triphosphate

26
Q

2nd messenger cGMP is associated with which effector protein?

A

guanylate cyclase

27
Q

where is T3 and T4 synthesized?

A

follicular cells

28
Q

what componds interact to make T3 & T4

A 
T3 = MIT + DIT
T4 = DIT + DIT
29
Q

What hormones stimulates the actions of follicle cell to make T3,T4?

A

TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone

30
Q

True or False. Lipid soluble steroid hormones are not stored in the endocrine cell, they diffuse directly into the blood.

A

true

31
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from what?

A

cholesterol (converted to pregenolone then..)

32
Q

What do steriod and thyroid hormones bind to in blood?

A

plasma PRO ( globulins and albunin)

33
Q

True or False. only BOUND hormone is able to enter cell and interact with receptors of target cells

A

false. (free hormone)

34
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are located where in relation to the cell?

A

in the cell. (DNA transcription altering)

35
Q

Genes that are upregulated by steroid or thyroid hormones increase what functions?

A

increase:

  1. ion transport
  2. metabolism
  3. cell size/tissue mass
36
Q

True or False: ALL peptide hormones also possess the capability of stimulating protein synthesis

A

False – MOST peptide hormones

37
Q

True or False. All hormones are cleared from the blood, primarily by the liver, kidney, secondarily by the target cell

A

True

38
Q

characteristics of Cell response to hormones

A
  1. saturation
  2. potentation
  3. permissiveness
39
Q

what occurs with a permissive cell response?

A

example

cortisol must synthesize some cell proteins before epinephrine can produce a response

40
Q

TSH is secreted from where?

A

thyrotropes of anterior pituitary gland

41
Q

what types of tissue are effected by the pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary = glandular

posterior pituitary = neural

42
Q

What stimulates antior pituitary to release hormones?

A

hypothalmus via thyrotropin releasing hormone

43
Q

Which hypothalmus hormone inhibits growth hormone?

A

somatostatin

44
Q

Which hypothalmus hormone inhibits prolactin?

A

dopamine

Physiology: endocrine and GI (6 decks)

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