Endocrine Physiology Flashcards
Name hormones which enter a cell
Oestrogen/ testosterone Progesterone Aldosterone Cortisol Vitamin D
Hormones which do not enter the cell
Insulin Insulin-like growth factor-1 Growth hormone Prolactin thyroid
What is Addison’s Disease
CHRONIC ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
- TB can cause it
- Adrenal hypofunction - decreased cortisol
What are the symptoms?
The symptoms of Addison’s disease can include any or all of the following:
loss of appetite and weight
nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
muscle weakness
chronic, worsening fatigue
low blood pressure
salt cravings
dehydration
hypoglycaemia, or low blood sugar levels (especially in children)
increased pigmentation of the skin, particularly around scars and bony areas
irregular or no menstrual periods in women
mood swings, mental confusion or loss of consciousness.
What is CUSHING’s DISEASE?
Hypercorticolism due to excessive release of ACTH by the pituitary gland
What specialised techniques are used to look at hormones at extremely low levels?
Immunoassays (competitive and sandwich)
Chromatography
Mass spectometry
What specimens are tested?
•24 hour urine specimens
•Blood (8-9am, midnight, etc.) •
saliva
Explain what a competitive immunoassay is
Competitive enzyme immunoassay:
solid phase coated with antibody, then add a free labelled antigen which the antibody captures. Add TMB + H2- to get colour formation by oxidation.
THE ADIPOSITE: what does it release?
Cortisone-> cortisol: released in response to stress by the adrenal gland, acts to suppress the immune system , :. decrease inflammation and pain.
Cortisol increases BS thru gluconeogenesis.
Adroptenedione -> estrone
Complement factors -> adipsin
LEPTIN
TNF-alph, IL6
Angiotensin PAI-I
Hypothalamus -> posterior pituitary produces what?
neurosecretory cells from hypothalamus to PP->
- Oxytocin : uterine muscles and mammory glands
- ADH: kidney tubules
Hypothalalmus: Anterior pituitary produces what?
TSH: thyroid ACTH: adrenal cortex FSH & LH: testes/ovary GH: entire body Prolactin: mammory glands Endorphins: pain receptors and brain
Endocrine Principles: When would you do a stimulation test?
If you think a patient is producing too little of a hormone, try to give a hormone to stimulate this, and the endocrine gland to produce the hormone - eg. if Addisons, (cortisol)
Give synthetic ACTH
Endocrine Principles: When would you do a suppression test?
If you think a patient is producing too much of a hormone, give them a hormone that will suppress.
for Eg. in acromegally give glucose.
In Cushings, give DEXAMETHASONE
CHO digestion and insulin production:
Insulin increases lipoprotein lipaise and DECREASES TGs.
suppresses glucose production in the liver.
Increased glucose uptake, decreased FFA release
In PANCREAS: caused by dislocation of GLUT2 transporter to CELL MEMBRANE-> lets Ca into cells = depolariseation, glucose uptake
DIABETES:
Glucose > 7mmol/l FASTING
>11.1 mmol/L post 2 hours
–> relationship between glucose and retinopathy
