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630: Medical Physiology > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

What 6 things are regulated by the endocrine system?

A
  • growth
  • development
  • reproduction
  • blood pressure
  • concentrations of substances in blood
  • behavior
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3
Q

What are the 9 classical endocrine glands?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
  • gonads
  • placenta
  • pancreas
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4
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A
  • peptides and proteins
  • steroids
  • amines
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5
Q

What are peptides and proteins synthesized from?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

Describe the steps involved in the synthesis of peptide hormones

A

1) DNA is transcribed into mRNA
2) mRNA is translated on the ribosomes to the first protein product, a prepohormone
3) the signal peptide is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum, converting the perpohormone to a prohormone
4) the prohormone is transferred to the Golgi apparatus
5) the final hormone is stored in secretory vesicles until the endocrine cell is stimulated

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7
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized and secreted by what 4 endocrine glands?

A
  • the adrenal cortex
  • gonads
  • corpus luteum
  • placenta
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8
Q

All steroid hormones are derivatives of what?

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

What are the 6 steroid hormones?

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • estradiol and astriol
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
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10
Q

What are amine hormones derivatives of?

A

tyrosine

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11
Q

What are the 4 amine hormones?

A
  • catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)

- thyroid hormones

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12
Q

Adjustments in secretion of hormones is accomplished via what?

A

neural or feedback mechanisms

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13
Q

Neural mechanisms are illustrated by what?

A

By the secretion of catecholamines into the circulation

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14
Q

Which mechanism is more common?

A

feedback mechanisms

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback mechanisms?

A

Negative and Positive

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16
Q

Which type of feedback is the most important and common mechanism for regulating hormone secretion?

A

negative feedback

17
Q

What does negative feedback mean in endocrine systems?

A

That some feature of hormone activity action, directly or indirectly, inhibits further secretion of the hormone

18
Q

What is the net result of any version of feedback?

A

When hormone levels are judged to be adequate or high, further secretion of the hormone is inhibited.

When hormone levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of the hormone is stimulated

19
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis

20
Q

Is positive feedback very common?

A

No

21
Q

What is the basis of positive feedback?

A

Some feature of hormone action causes more secretion of the hormone

22
Q

What are a couple examples of positive feedback?

A
  • the opening of Na+ channels during the upstroke of an AP

- oxytocin

23
Q

Negative feedback is self-_____, whereas positive feedback is self-_____.

A

limiting

augmenting

24
Q

The responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone is expressed via what relationship?

A

the dose-response relationship

25
Q

Describe the dose-response relationship

A

The magnitude of a hormone response is correlated with hormone concentration

26
Q

As hormone concentration increases, the response usually ______ and does what?

A

increases and then levels off

27
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

The hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response

28
Q

If more hormone is required to produce 50% of the maximal response, than there has been a _____ in sensitivity of the target tissue.

A

decrease

29
Q

What are 2 ways in which sensitivity can be altered?

A
  • by changing the number of receptors

- by changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

30
Q

A change in the number or affinity of receptors is called what?

A

down-regulation or up-regulation

31
Q

Down-regulation is a mechanism in which a hormone ______ the number or affinity of its receptors in a target tissue.

A

decreases

32
Q

Up-regulation is a mechanism in which a hormone ______ the number or affinity of its receptors in a target tissue.

A

increases

630: Medical Physiology (24 decks)

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