Endocrine patho Flashcards
Hypothalamic Disorders-
Interruption of Infundibulum includes:
Destructive lesions
Rupture after head injury
Surgical transaction
Stem tumor
Anterior Pituitary Disorder-
Pan-hypo-pituitar-ism
Only occurs with both anterior and posterior pituitaries are affected
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, GH, PRL, ADH deficiency
Anterior Pituitary Disorder-
Hypo-pituitar-ism
Usually due to pituitary infraction (necrosis) on infundibulum
Includes: Sheehan Syndrome, Hemorrhage, Shock
Anterior Pituitary Disorder -
Hypo secretion of GH
Dwarfism - in children and adolescents -Decrease in GH, Open plates
Metabolic Disease - adulthood - Decrease in GH, closed plates, Hypothyroid, weight gain, cold, slow metabolism
Anterior Pituitary Disorder-
Hyper-pituitar-ism
Commonly caused by a benign slow growing pituitary adenoma (benign tumor)
Manifestation: headache, fatigue, visual changes (pinched optic chiasm)
Anterior Pituitary Disorder-
Hyper secretion of GH
Giagantism- in children and adolescents - Increase in GH, open plates
Acromegaly- adulthood - Increase in GH, closed plates, ischemia to vessels, damage to nerves
Posterior Pituitary Disorder-
Hyper-secretion of ADH
ADH = reabsorption of Na
Inc. ADH = inc reabsorption of Na, dec water
caused by: Brain injury or infection, Pulmonary disease, psychiatric drugs
Posterior Pituitary Disorder-
Water intoxication
Decrease in Na = hypo-osmolality
Decrease in urination , Increase BP
Posterior Pituitary Disorder-
Diabetes Inspidus
Insufficiency of ADH: polyuria, polydipsia, diluted urine
Neurogenic: insufficient amounts of ADH - post pit path
Nephrogenic: inadequate response to ADH- kidney patho
Psychogenic: excessive consumption of water
Thyroid Disorder-
Hyperthyroidism
3 causes: Graves disease (most common) - autoimmune, B cells produce antibodies that fit TSH receptors - overproduction of TSH
Thyro-toxi-cosis (negative feedback does not work on hypothalamus)
Toxic nodular disease (benign)
Symptoms:
Goiter, Exophthalmos, Thyrotoxic crisis
Thyroid Disorder-
Hypo-thyroidism
inc. TRH and TSH
dec. TH
Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto Disease) : most common
Thyroiditis
Postpartum thyroiditis (hypo and hyper)
Thyroid carcinoma:
Symptoms:
Fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, Myxedema, Myxedema coma (in brain)
Endocrine Pancreas Disorder
Diabetes Mellitus
Type I : insulin dependent
Pancreatic atrophy and specific loss of Beta cells, premature activation of zymogens
Type II: non-insulin dependent
prolonged hyperglycemia leads to increased resistance of insulin
Endocrine Pancreas Disorder
Diabetes Mellitus - Type I
Genetic susceptibility
Viral infection
Immune destruction of Beta cells
Hyperglycemia polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue, keoacidosis
Endocrine Pancreas Disorder
Diabetes Mellitus - Type II
Most common
Risk factors: obesity, family history, ethnicity, puberty, female and metabolic syndrome
Endocrine Pancreas Disorder
Acute Conditions of Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoglycemia : 90% of Type I, insulin shock/reaction
Diabetic ketoacidosis: drop in insulin, inc in counter regulatory hormones - due to breakdown of fats and proteins - peaks adolescence
Endocrine Pancreas Disorder
Microvascular disease
From Diabetes Mellitus Type II
Retinopathy - blindness
Nephropathy - kidney failure
Neuropathy - loss of feeling - demyelination
Endocrine Pancreas Disorder
Macrovascular disease
coronary artery disease
stroke
peripheral artery disease
Adrenal Cortex Disorder
Cushing Disease
Takes effect in Fasciculata excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH leads to increased cortisol levels Dec. CRH Inc. ACTH, Cortisol
Adrenal Cortex Disorder
Cushing Syndrome
excessive levels of Cortisol regardless of cause
Dec. CRH and ACTH
Inc. Cortisol
Adrenal Cortex Disorder
Addison Disease
Take effect in Granulosa
Hypo secretion of adrenocortical hormones (ACTH)
Dec. cortisol and aldosterone
Symptoms: fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, hypoglycemia, Dec. Na, Inc. K and Ca
Adrenal Cortex Disorder
Hyper aldosteron ism
Conn Disease
Hypertension, myalgias, weakness, chronic headaches
Inc. Na
Dec. K
Adrenal Cortex Disorder
Hyper secretion of adrenal androgens and estrogens
Takes effect in Reticularis
Male symptom = feminization
Female symptom = virilzation
Adrenal Medulla Disorder
Catecholamine hyper secretion of NE and Epi
Secretion on a continuous or episodic basis of NE and Epi
Inc. BP and Epi production
Pathologies: Chromaffin cell tumor and Pheochromocytoma
Symptoms: hypertension, headaches, sweating, tachycardia, tachypnea, anxiety, chest pain
