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Histology - Exam 4 > Endocrine - Part 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what glands/cells compose the endocrine system?

A
  • pituitary (adenohypophysis)
  • adrenal (suprarenal) glands
  • thyroid
  • parathyroids
  • pineal gland
  • islets of langerhans
  • DNES (enteroendocrine cells of intestine, heart, kidney)
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2
Q

where is the pituitary gland attached?

A

attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum

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3
Q

what is the glandular portion of the pituitary called and where does it come from?

A

adenohypophysis - from ectoderm of primitive oral cavity

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4
Q

what is the neural portion of the pituitary called and where does it come from?

A

neurohypophysis - from neuroectoderm

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5
Q

divisions of the adenohypophysis

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
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6
Q

divisions of neurohypophysis

A
  • pars nervosa

- infundibulum

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7
Q

what makes up the anterior lobe of pituitary?

A

pars distalis + pars tuberalis

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8
Q

what makes up posterior lobe of pituitary?

A

pars nervosa + pars intermedia

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9
Q

describe control of secretion by adenohypophysis

A

hypothalamic nuclei -> peptide hormones into primary capillary plexus of infundibulum -> stimulate and inhibit release of hormones by anterior pituitary

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10
Q

what stimulatory hormones are released by the adenohypophysis?

A

for:
- thyrotropin
- gonadotropin
- somatostatin
- growth hormone
- corticotropin

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11
Q

what inhibitory hormone is released by the adenohypophysis?

A

to inhibit prolactin release

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12
Q

what two arteries supply the hypophysis?

A

superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries

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13
Q

what do the inferior hypophyseal arteries primarily supply?

A

pars nervosa

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14
Q

what do the superior hypophyseal arteries supply?

A
  • median eminence
  • upper infundibulum
  • lower infundibulum via connection to inferior hypophyseal arteries
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15
Q

describe ends of arteries supplying median eminence and infundibulum?

A

end in capillary plexuses

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16
Q

what drains areas hypophyseal areas supplied by plexuses?

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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17
Q

composition of pars distalis (overall + 7 cell types)

A

secretory cells w/i CT stroma w/ fenestrated capillaries:

  • chromophobes
  • undifferentiated nonsecretory cells
  • degranulated chromophils w/ few granules
  • CT/follicular cells
  • chromophiles
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18
Q

describe pars distalis chromophobes

A
  • stain poorly: look white/clear

- 3 subpopulations = about 50% of cells

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19
Q

describe pars distalis follicular cells

A
  • form a stromal network to support chromophil cells

- may have phagocytic fxn

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20
Q

pars distalis chromophiles: acidophilic vs. basophilic

A

acid: stain w/ eosin and orange-G, NOT w/ PAS
baso: stain w/ hematoxylin, basic dyes

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21
Q

pars distalis acidophils: secretion

A

peptide hormones

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22
Q

pars distalis acidophils: size compared to basophils

A

smaller than basophils, more granules

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23
Q

pars distalis acidophils: somatotroph secretions

A

GH, somatotropin (growth hormone)

24
Q

pars distalis acidophils: control of somatotrophs

A
  • GH-releasing factor

- GH-inhibiting factor (somatostatin)

25
Q

pars distalis acidophils: mammotroph secretions

A
  • prolactin (to stimulate and maintain lactation)

- numbers increase during lactation

26
Q

pars distalis acidophils: control of mammotrophs

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF)

- prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine)

27
Q

pars distalis basophils: secretion

A

glycoprotein hormones (PAS+)

28
Q

pars distalis basophils: gonadotroph secretions

A
  1. FSH

2. LH

29
Q

function of FSH

A
  • stimulates development of ovarian follicles

- acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate production of ABP

30
Q

function of LH

A
  • stimulates steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
  • controls rate of testosterone synthesis by Leydig cells
31
Q

pars distalis basophils: corticotroph secretions

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)

32
Q

function of ACTH

A

stimulate growth and steroid synthesis in zone fasciculata (sugar) and zone reticularis (sex) in adrenals

33
Q

pars distalis basophils: thyrotroph secretions

A

thyrotropin/TSH (approx 5% of cells)

34
Q

pars distalis basophils: control of thyrotrophs

A

TRF (thyrotropin-releasing factor)

35
Q

pars distalis: what can H&E distinguish?

A

only acidophils, basophils, chromophobes

36
Q

pars nervosa: composition

A
  • non-myelinated axonal processes

- pituicytes

37
Q

pars nervosa: where are cell bodies of non-myelinated axonal processes?

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

38
Q

pars nervosa: what are pituicytes?

A
  • astrocyte-like glial cells
  • contain glial fibrillary acidic proteins
  • often contain pigment granules
39
Q

pars nervosa: where do neurons end?

A

in close proximity to fenestrated capillary network

40
Q

pars nervosa: what do axons contain?

A

neurosecretory granules - large granule-filled dilations near axon terminals = Herring bodies

41
Q

pars nervosa: what do the hypothalamic neurons release near capillary plexus?

A
  • oxytocin

- antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

42
Q

what produces oxytocin, primarily and secondarily?

A

pri: paraventricular nucleus cells
sec: supraoptic nucleus cells

43
Q

purpose of oxytocin?

A
  • mammary glands: stimulates milk ejection

- uterus: smooth muscle contractions for childbirth

44
Q

what produces antidiuretic hormone, primarily and secondarily?

A

pri: supraoptic nucleus cells
sec: paraventricular nucleus cells

45
Q

purpose of antidiuretic hormone?

A

stimulates water reabsorption by renal medullary collecting ducts

46
Q

pars nervosa: what is neurophysin?

A

binding/carrier protein - complexes with neurohypophyseal hormones for transport down axons

47
Q

pars intermedia: size in humans?

A

very small

48
Q

pars intermedia: contents

A
  • basophils
  • chromophobes
  • Rathke’s cysts
49
Q

pars intermedia: what are Rathke’s cysts and what are they lined by?

A
  • cuboidal epithelium lined cavities

- remnants of Rathke’s pouch

50
Q

pars tuberalis: describe contents

A
  • veins of phyphyseal portal system (highly vascular)

- mostly gonadotropes

51
Q

what does excess growth hormone cause?

A

acromegaly

52
Q

what can prolactin secreting tumors cause?

A

infertility - lack of ovulation

53
Q

what is the most common cause of hypopituitarism in adults?

A

pituitary tumors (adenomas)

54
Q

describe intrinsic pituitary destruction

A

(primary pituitary destruction) - hormone-secreting cells of ant pit are destroyed
-can involve some or all hormones

55
Q

results of poor anterior lobe function (4 things)

A
  • failure of lactation
  • amenorrhea
  • poor thyroid function
  • adrenal insufficiency
56
Q

results of poor posterior lobe function (1 thing)

A

diabetes insipidus = impairment of water resorption in distal renal tubuli:

  • polyuria
  • polydipsia

Histology - Exam 4 (5 decks)

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