endocrine pancreas

Question 1

possible targets of autoimmune T1DM

Answer 1

insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase

Question 2

histological appearance of T1DM

Answer 2

mild lymphocytic infiltration with foci of dead B cells years before symptoms (CD4 and CD8; IL2 and IFNg)

Question 3

potential triggers for T1DM and genetic predispo.

Answer 3

overload hypothesis and viral infection; HLA-DR3 or 4

Question 4

T2DM risk factors

Answer 4

mutations in PPARg, first degree relative; obesity (fat blocks insulin; via adipokines and FFA and triglycerides directly)

Question 5

elevated glucose and fats are what to B cells

Answer 5

gluco and lipotoxic

Question 6

diagnosis of diabetes depends on…

Answer 6

random glucose above 200
fasting glucose above 126
abnormal glucose tolerance test 
(HBA1c above 6.5%)
normal glucose is 65-120

Question 7

glycosylation leads to the formation of what?

Answer 7

advanced glycosylated end products (AGE)

Question 8

how does glycosylation proceed?

Answer 8

non-enzymatic based

Question 9

glycosylation of collagen in blood vessels leads to what?

Answer 9

protein crosslinking and atherosclerosis

Question 10

in the capillary basement membranes this leads to?

Answer 10

thickening, esp @ kidney

Question 11

glycosylation of endothelial cells, macrophages and mesangial cells leads to…

Answer 11

cell perm., coagulopathy, increased ECM production, cytokine release

Question 12

hyperglycemia results in…

Answer 12

increased activation of protein kinase C resulting in angiogensis, coagpathies, increase ECM
decreased sorbitol that promotes ROS damage