546 Body Systems 2 > Endocrine/Metabolic > Flashcards

Endocrine/Metabolic Flashcards

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1
Q

glands of the endocrine system

A

pineal
parathyroid
thyroid
pancreas
ovaries
testes
adrenal
thymus
pituitary
hypothalamus

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2
Q

pituitary gland controls the release of which hormones?

A

luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropin
growth hormone
melanocyte stimulating hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin

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3
Q

luteinizing hormone functions

A

stimulates spermatogenesis, androgen production

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4
Q

follicle stimulating hormone functions

A

stimulate spermatogenesis

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5
Q

adrenocorticotropin hormone function

A

regulate secretion and growth of adrenal glands

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6
Q

growth hormone functions

A

regulate body growth, fat mobilization, stimulate glycogenolysis

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7
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone function

A

lipotropin and melanin release secretion

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8
Q

which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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9
Q

which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
GH
prolactin
MSH

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10
Q

disorders of the pituitary: GH

A

gigantism: excess growth in childhood before growth plates fuse
acromegaly: excess growth in adulthood after growth plates fuse, large extremities

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11
Q

disorders of the pituitary: ACTH

A

Cushing’s disease: ACTH dependent
Secondary Adrenal Deficiency

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12
Q

disorders of the pituitary: pituitary tumor

A

often benign but affects hormone secretion and therefore other body systems

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13
Q

s/s of GH disorders

A

joint pain/stiffness, OA, myopathy proximal, fibromyalgia, back pain and increased osteophyte formation, profuse sweating, HTN, DM, poor exercise tolerance

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14
Q

ACTH Cushing’s disease cause

A

pituitary tumor on the gland
causes increased ACTH secretion
stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete excess cortisol

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15
Q

Most common ACTH Cushing’s disease s/s

A

headaches
visual changes from pressure on optic chiasm

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16
Q

adrenal gland

A

made of cortex and medulla
releases cortisol

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17
Q

cortisol function

A

released during stress to increase BP, HR, RR, GLC production and decrease digestion, reproduction functions
increases inflammation

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18
Q

cortisol levels - daily and pathological

A

peaks in morning, tapers throughout the day
high - cushing’s
low - addison’s disease

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19
Q

causes of Cushing’s syndrome

A

chronic cortisol production
exogenous corticosteroid overuse
endogenous/benign or malignant adenoma

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20
Q

Cushing’s syndrome s/s

A

Integumentary: red cheeks, thin skin, red striae
MSK body comp: moon face, osteoporosis, fat pad, thin arms/legs due to sarcopenia, pendulous abdomen, OA, avascular necrosis, fractures
CV: high BP, ecchymosis
constitutional: poor wound healing

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21
Q

primary adrenal insufficiency

A

addison’s disease - autoimmune
life threatening

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22
Q

secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

outside factors affecting adrenals, unable to make cortisol
due to steroid use or pituitary issue
no effect on skin pigmentation or potassium

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23
Q

s/s of adrenal insufficiency

A

CV: low BP, OH
constitutional: loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, dehydration
MSK: fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, tendon calcification
Integumentary: dark pigmentation
GI disturbances

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24
Q

Addison’s disease

A

decreased cortisol (autoimmune)
leads to decreased aldosterone and elevated ACTH
gradual onset

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25
addison's disease s/s
constitutional: fatigue, general weakness, weight loss, dehydration, anxiety, depression, cold intolerance, poor stress tolerance GI: abdominal pain, CV: dizzy, tachycardia, OH skin: bronze hyperpigmentation
26
addison disease medical management
life long glucocorticoids increase dose if ill or stressed manage diet and hydration
27
adrenal crisis
acute adrenal insufficiency when cortisol is already low, is the system is stressed the body can't produce more causes: infection, trauma, pregnancy, surgery, emotional distress
28
tests for adrenal crisis
electrolyte levels, low ACTH
29
adrenal crisis s/s
weakness, abdominal pain, N/V, disrrhea, confusion, altered mental status, dehydration, hypotension, fever
30
thyroid gland function
secrete T3, T4 and requires iodine regulated by TSH from pituitary negative feedback loop of T4 on TSH
31
s/s of low T3/T4
weakness, muscle ache, stiffness
32
goiter - causes
enlarged thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency increased neck size can cause pressure on surrounding tissues/airways
33
thyroiditis
causes: autoimmune or infection inflammation of thyroid tissue can turn into hashimoto's disease hypothyroidism due to thyroid breakdown progressive
34
hashimoto's thyroiditis | type, causes/risk factors
most common causes of hypothyroidism can be caused by genetics, women, iodine excess, radiation exposure
35
s/s of hashimotos hypothyroidism
fatigue weight gain weak/brittle nails constipation fertility problems complications: heart problems, high cholesterol, anemia, goiter, birth defects
36
grave's, hashimotos - hypo or hyper?
graves hyper hashimotos hypo thyroid
37
grave's disease
autoimmune causing hyperthyroidism
38
hyperthyroidism
excess excretion of T4
39
s/s of hyperthyroidism
enlarged gland exophthalamos older: tremors, anxiety, palpitations, weight loss, heat intolerance younger; cold intolerance, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, mental/physical slowing + tachycardia, sleep trouble, muscle weakness generally increased metabolism
40
MSK complications of hyperthyroidism
chronic arthritis/ adhesive capsulitis osteoporosis proximal muscle weakness
41
PT considerations of hyperthyroidism
heat intolerance exercise intolerance vitals monitoring osteoporosis - fall risk
42
thyroid storm
rare complication of poorly treated hyperthyroidism or after trauma/surgery/illness life threatening due to high levels of T3/T4 increasing metabolism
43
s/s of thyroid storm
hypermetabolism tachycardia, heart failure, chest pain shock, hyperthermia, restless, agitated abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting coma
44
causes of hypothyroidism
iodine deficiency thyroid inflammation/removal environment/radiation congenital meds depressing thyroid function hypothalamus damage pituitary gland dysfunction thyroid tissue breaksdown and T4 deficiency forms
45
hypothyroidism s/s
cold intolerance fatigue/drowsy headaches weight gain irregular periods dry skin thin hair/nails thyroid nodules slowed DTRs
46
hypothyroidism PT considerations
proximal muscle weakness stiffness muscle pain diminished reflexes joint edema back pain + systemic on CV, integ, MSK, GI, GU, neuro
47
myxedema
change in dermal skin layer including under eye edema, puffy face with dull, dry skin thin lateral eyebrows thickening of the tongue sign of hypothyroidism
48
myxedema coma
altered mental state, often does NOT progress to a coma infection/trauma/etc, hypothyroidism causes body to not be able to fight of event/trauma causing rapid progression major sign is deteriorating mental status
49
thyroid cancer
uncommon slow growing rarely metastatic
50
thyroid cancer risk factors
femaoe over 40 caucasian iodine deficient family hx
51
thyroid cancer s/s
palpable mass in neck found incidentally homptysis new hoarseness HTN
52
function of parathyroid glands
secrete PTH raise blood Ca to mobilize Ca from bones increase Ca resorption from kidneys
53
hyperparathyroidism s/s
increased DTR, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, increased thirst, polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, GI problems, depression, kidney stones, HTN, heart palpitations, memory loss, sleep disturbances
54
hyperparathyroidism effects/complications
diffuse bone pain osteoporosis hypermobility proximal m weakness, myalgia, arthritis, heavy LE
55
hypoparathyroidism
underactivity of 1 or more glands less PTH results in low serum Ca levels life threatening if acute - treat w electrolyte replacement, resp support manage with vit D, Ca
56
hypoparathyroidism s/s
osteomalacia, painful m spasm, parasthesia, tetany, arrhythmias, m weakness, brittle nails, altered mental status, dysrhhythmia
57
common presentations of endocrine disorders include:
BL carpal tunnel proximal m weakness shoulder arthritis
58
signs of endocrine disorder in MSK
trigger points not alleviated by PT palpable lymph nodes muscle weakness w fatigue, diuretics muscle cramps severe localized spinal pain (osteoporosis/Fx)
59
arthritis and calcific tendinitis indicate
endocrine disease can improve if endocrine condition improves
60
chondrocalcinosis indicates:
CPPD crystals in cartilage of joints pseudogout
61
red flags to seek immediate medical care
signs of hypokalemia thyroid storm fever palpable nodes dehydration recurrent arthritis
546 Body Systems 2
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