Endocrine Lecture

Question 1

Reduced function of anterior lobe of pituitary gland =

Answer 1

Hypopituitarism

Question 2

Excessive function of anterior lobe of pituitary gland =

Answer 2

Hyperpituitarism

Question 3

What hormones are affected in pituitary dysfunction?

Answer 3

GH
Gonadotropin
TSH
ACTH

Question 4

What is the Sequence of Hormone Deficiency in Hypopituitarism ?

Answer 4

Growth hormone →
Gonadotropins →
Thyroid-stimulating hormone →
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 5

What does GH deficiency cause?

Answer 5

Fatigue in adults

Dwarfism in children

Question 6

What does Gonadotropin deficiency cause?

Answer 6

Amenorrhoea
Erectile dysfunction 
Testicular atrophy
Reduced libido
Infertility

Question 7

What does TSH deficiency cause?

Answer 7

Facial puffiness
Hoarse voice
Bradycardia
Cold intolerance

Question 8

What does ACTH Deficiency cause?

Answer 8

Fatigue
Intolerance to stress/infection
Hypotension

Question 9

What does Excessive GH secretion cause?

Answer 9

Gigantism (in children)

Acromegaly (in adults)

Question 10

What are some features of acromegaly?

Answer 10

Enlarged supra-orbital ridges, prominent jaw and ‘coarse’ fascies
Teeth become widespread and lower jaw may protrude
Hands and feet a broad and ‘spade-like’
Skin is thick and greasy, with excessive perspiration

Question 11

What are the Consequences of Acromegaly ?

Answer 11

Arthritis, peripheral neuropathies and headaches
Cardiac disease and hypertension
Cancer, particularly GI
Impaired glucose tolerance

Question 12

Increased prolactin secretion results in

Answer 12

galactorrhoea

Question 13

Increased ACTH secretion results in

Answer 13

Cushing disease

Question 14

An increased production and/or secretion of thyroid hormones =

Answer 14

Hyperthyroidism

Question 15

Hyperthyroidism is caused by:

Answer 15

thyroid stimulators

autonomous hyperfunction

Question 16

A decreased production and/or secretion of thyroid hormones =

Answer 16

Hypothyroidism

Question 17

Graves Disease is a result of:

Answer 17

Hyperthyroidism

Question 18

Graves Disease is caused by:

Answer 18

autoantibodies which stimulate TSH receptors and cause excessive TSH

Question 19

What is a Thyroid Storm and what happens to a patient?

Answer 19

A sudden onset of Hyperthyroidism. This occurs due to untreated hyperthyroidism
 
Fever, 
marked weakness/muscle wasting, 
extreme restlessness
mood swings,
Confusion, 
psychosis,
coma, 
nausea/vomiting, 
diarrhoea

Question 20

Name 3 symptoms associated with hypothyroidism

Answer 20

Muscle weakness
Myalgia
Arthralgia

Question 21

What is Myxoedema ?

Answer 21

occurs in chronic Hypothyroidism, where mucopolysaccharides are continuously deposited into the dermis causing swelling

Question 22

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis ?

Answer 22

An autoimmune condition causing Inflammation of the thyroid

- usually leads to hypothyroidism and sometimes hyperthyroidism

Question 23

What are some Characteristics of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

Answer 23

Fullness of the throat

Painless enlargement of the thyroid

Question 24

Hyperparathyroidism can result in:

Answer 24

Hypercalcaemia at the expense of bone mineralisation
Osteoporosis
Peptic Ulcers
Pancreatitis
Hypercalcaemia  
Polyuria
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Muscle weakness

Question 25

Chronic Hypo-parathyroidism results in:

Answer 25

Dry, scaly skin, brittle nails, coarse hair, candida infections and cataracts

Question 26

What happens to the levels of calcium in tetany?

Answer 26

They become very low

Question 27

Describe some characteristics of tetany:

Answer 27

Paraesthesias of the lips, tongue, fingers and feet;
carpopedal spasm;
Generalised myalgia;
spasm of facial muscles

Question 28

Addisons disease is an example of which type of disorder?

Answer 28

Adrenal

Question 29

What are some Cushing’s Syndrome Characteristics

Answer 29

Central obesity (limbs remain thin)
“Buffalo hump”
Muscle wasting/weakness
Thin skin (bruising easily) with purple striae

Question 30

What is Cushing’s Syndrome associated with?

Answer 30

Hypertension, renal stones, osteoporosis, glucose intolerance, reduced infection resistance and mental disturbance

Question 31

Common Symptoms for all Endocrine Disorders

Answer 31

• Fatigue
• Hypoglycaemia
• Sweating
• Altered consciousness