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OV endo > Endocrine Infertility > Flashcards

Endocrine Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells within the testes does LH stimulate and what does it make these cells produce?

A

Leydig Cells –> they are stimulated to produce testosterone

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2
Q

Which cells within the testes does FSH stimulate and what does it makes these cells produce?

A

Sertoli cells (in the seminiferous tuules) –> they are stimulated to produce sperm and inhibin A and B

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3
Q

What does inhibin inhibit?

A

Pituitary FSH secretion

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4
Q

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular Phase
Ovulation
Luteal Phase

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5
Q

What does LH stimulate in the ovaries?

A

Oestradiol and progesterone production

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6
Q

What does FSH stimulate in the ovaries?

A

Follicular development and inhibin production

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7
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on the HPG axis in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

It has a negative feedback effect – inhibits FSH and LH

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8
Q

What does the leading follicle develop into by around day 10?

A

Graffian Follicle

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9
Q

Once oestrogen reaches a certain level it switches to positive feedback. How does it do this?

A

It increases the GnRH secretion

It increases LH sensitivity to GnRH

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10
Q

Define infertility.

A

Inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected sex

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11
Q

What is primary gonadal failure and what effects does it have on the HPG axis?

A

It is a problem with the gonads
The testes/ovaries don’t produce enough testosterone/oestrogen so there is no negative feedback on the HPG axis meaning that you get high GnRH, high LH and high FSH.

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12
Q

Describe the levels of the different hormones in the HPG axis in the case of hypothalamic/pituitary disease causing infertility.

A

Low GnRH
Low FSH
Low LH

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13
Q

State some of the clinical features of male hypogonadism.

A 
Loss of libido 
Impotence  
Small testes  
Decreased muscle bulk 
Osteoporosis (testosterone has anabolic action in the bone)
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14
Q

State 5 causes of male hypogonadism.

A 
Hypopituitarism 
Kallmann’s Syndrome (anosmia + low GnRH) 
Illness/underweight 
Hyperprolactinaemia 
Androgen receptor deficiency (RARE)
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15
Q

State some congenital and acquired causes of primary gonadal disease.

A

Congenital: Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)
Acquired: Testicular torsion, chemotherapy

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16
Q

What are the main investigations for male hypogonadism?

A

LH, FSH and testosterone (if all are low –> MRI to check pituitary problem)
Prolactin
Sperm count (azoospermia – absence of sperm in ejaculate; oligospermia – reduced number of sperm in ejaculate)
Chromosomal analysis (check for Klinefelter’s)

17
Q

What is given to all patients with hypogonadism?

A

Testosterone to increase muscle bulk and protect against osteoporosis

18
Q

How do you restore fertility in someone with hypothalamic/pituitary disease?

A

Subcutaneous gonadotrophin injections – stimulates testosterone release

19
Q

State some endogenous sites of production of androgens.

A 
Interstitial leydig cells in the testes  
Adrenal cortex
Ovaries  
Placenta  
Tumours
20
Q

What are the main actions of testosterone?

A 
Development of the male genital tract 
Maintains fertility in adulthood  
Control of secondary sexual characteristics 
Anabolic effects (muscle, bone)
21
Q

What type of receptors does DHT and E2 act on?

A

Nuclear receptors

22
Q

What are the clinical uses of testosterone?

A 
Lean body mass 
Muscle size and strength 
Bone formation and bone mass  
Libido and potency  
NOTE: it does NOT restore fertility
23
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary amenorrhoea?

A

Primary Amenorrhoea = failure to develop spontaneous menstruationby the age of 16 years
Secondary Amenorrhoea = absence of menstruation for 3 months in a woman who has previously had cycles

24
Q

What is oligomenorrhoea?

A

Irregularly long cycles

25
Q

List some causes of amenorrhoea.

A 
Pregnancy 
Lactation 
Ovarian failure: 
 Premature ovarian insufficiency
 Oophorectomy 
 Chemotherapy
 Ovarian dysgenesis (Turner’s Syndrome (45 X))
Hypothalamic/pituitary disease 
Kallmann’s syndrome  
Low BMI 
Post-pill amenorrhoea (if you use the pill for a long time and then go off it, it could take a while for the periods to return) 
Hyperprolactinaemia 
Androgen excess (gonadal tumour)
26
Q

State some features of Turner’s syndrome.

A

Short statue
Cubitus valgus (forearm is angled away from the body to a greater degree than normal when fully extended)
Gonadal dysgenesis

27
Q

State some investigations for amenorrhoea.

A

Pregnancy test
LH, FSH and Oestradiol
Day 21 Progesterone (this should be high (showing that you’re ovulating) because progesterone rises in the second half of the menstrual cycle)
Prolactin
Thyroid function test (both hyper- and hypothyroidism can cause problems with the menstrual cycle)
Androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, DHEAS)
Chromosomal analysis

28
Q

What are the implications on health of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A 
Increased cardiovascular risk  
Insulin resistance (diabetes)
29
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing PCOS?

A

They must have at least 2 of the following:
 Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound scan
 Clinical/biochemical signs of androgen excess
 Oligoovulation/anovulation

30
Q

What are the clinical features of PCOS?

A

Hirsuitism
Menstrual irregularities
Increased BMI

31
Q

Describe the treatment for PCOS.

A

METFORMIN – insulin sensitiser
CLOMIFENE – anti-oestrogenic effects in the hypothalamo-pituitary axis – binds to oestrogen receptors in the hypothalamus thereby blocking the negative feedback –> increased GnRH and gonadotrophin secretion
GONADOTROPHIN THERAPY as part of IVF treatment

32
Q

What effect does hyperprolactinaemia have on the HPG axis?

A

It reduces GnRH pulsatility so that it is released basally all the time rather than in regular pulses
It will switch off gonadal function via LH actions on the ovaries and testes

33
Q

Side effects of testosterone administration

A 
Gynaecomastia
Acne
Prolonged painful erection
Disturbed liver function
Aggression
Thickening of blood by overproduction of red blood cells – may give rise to  cardiovascular complications
34
Q

Treatment for amenorrhoea

A

Treat the cause
Primary ovarian failure – HRT
Hypothalamic/ Pituitary Disease – HRT for oestrogen replacement and subcutaneous LH and FSH for fertility in IVF

OV endo (17 decks)

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