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Endocrine > Endocrine Histology > Flashcards

Endocrine Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior v. posterior pituitary: embyrological origin

A
  • *Anterior pituitary** forms from roof of mouth
  • is an endocrine glandular origin

Posterior pituitary comes from diencephalon & is connected to the brain

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2
Q

Hypophysis- what is is? blood supply?

A

It’s the hypothalamus + pituitary

Very tiny blood supply: very sensitive to blood loss

Superior hypophysial and inferior hypophysial arteries

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3
Q

Acidophils v. basophils in the pituitary

A

Acidophils make peptides

Basophiles make glycoproteins

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4
Q

How do you identify the product of each cell?

A

Not just H&E – use immunohistochemistry

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary: what does it make?

A

Acidophils:

Somatotropesmake growth hormone

Lactotropes make prolactin

Basophils:

Corticotropes make ACTH

Gonadotropes make FSH, LH

Thyrotropes make TSH

Stores everything in granules in the cells!

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6
Q

Growth hormone

A

Made in anterior pituitary by somatotrophs (acidophils)

Works though IGF-1 (insulin growht factor 1) which is produced by hepatocytes

IGF-1 stimulates growth of long bones by stimulating hypertrophy of chondrocytes at epiphysial plates

Made in the first 2 hours of sleep

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7
Q

Prolactin

A

Made by acidophils in anterior pituitary

Dopamine inhibits its secretion

Suckling during lactation = stimulus for its secretion

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8
Q

FSH

A

Made by basophils of anterior pituitary

Acts on follicular cells of overy & sertoli cells of testis

GnRH from actuate nucleus of hypothalamus stimulates its secretion

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9
Q

LH

A

Made by basophils of anterior pituitary

Acts on corpus luteum of ovary to make progesterone & leydig cells of testis to make testosterone

GnRH from actuate nucleus of hypothalamus stimulates its secretion

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10
Q

TSH

A

Made by basophils of anterior pituitary

Binds receptors in plasma membrane of thyroid follicular epithelial cells –> T4 –> T3

TRH upregulates

T3 does negative feedback

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11
Q

POMC

A

Pro-opiolmelanocortin

Made by basophils in aterior hypophysis & other tissue in the body

Leads to ACTH and beta-lipotrophic hormone in pituitary

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12
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Made by basophils of anterior pituitary

CRH –> ACTH –> acts at adrenal gland to make cortisol, androgesn, and angiotensin II

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13
Q

Posterior pituitary: what does it make?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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14
Q

Posterior pituitary: what is its structure?

A

Pituicites: astrocyte-like glial cells that surround and retract axons

Unmyelinated axons: hormones from the nucelus travel down this and empty into the capillaries

Herring body= where the hormone empties into the capillary

Capillaries are fenestrated

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15
Q

Which hormones does the thyroid make?

A

Follicular cells make TH & store it in the colloid

Parafollicular cells make calcitonin & stores it in granules in the cell

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16
Q

Where does the thyroid store TH? How does it do this?

A

In colloid lakes = extracellular

Epithelial cells surround colloid = both exocrine & endocrine

Takes in iodine from capillary lumen & receives signal from hormones in capillary on basolateral surface

Makes thyroglobulin in the cell –> exits & is iodinized in the colloid –> becomes T4 –> comes back into cell & is cleaved into T3 –> exits into capillary lumen

17
Q

What cell types are in the parathyroid & what do they make?

A

Chief cells make PTH, which upregulates osteoclasts, decreases renal excretion of Ca via increased renal tubular reabsorption, increases renal excretion of phosphate, and increases absorption of Ca in GI

Oxyphils are there - unclear what it does

18
Q

Adrenal glands: what cells and what do they make?

A

Medulla: makes epinephrine and norepineprhine

Cortex:

Zona glomerulose = outermost, makes aldo

Zona fasiculata = makes cortisol

Zona reticularis = makes weak androgens

19
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Infarction of the pituitary following acute blood loss

Symptoms include:

  • low TSH –> weight gain & difficulty with thermal regulation
  • low prolactin –> inability to lactate
  • low ACTH –> low androgens –> loss of pubic & axillary hair
  • low TSH and ACTH –> low blood pressure
  • fatigue from low TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
20
Q

Which hormones are suppressed during starvation? Upregulated?

What corrects this imbalance?

A

HPG (hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal) and HPT (thyroid) are suppressed

HPA (adrenal) are upregulated

Giving leptin corrects this (byproduct of fat breakdown)

21
Q

Which hormones levels vary in a pulsatile pattern?

A

Growth hormone: varies during sleep

Cortisol: lowest at midnight, highest at 8 am

22
Q

Why do you not get your period when you’re breastfeeding?

A

Prolactin inhibits gonadotropin secretion

Endocrine (10 decks)

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