Endocrine Hist Reynolds Flashcards
The Adenohypophysis is aka?
Anterior Pituitary
Embryologically, the Adenohypophysis developes from ____ ____. This is an upward invagination of oral ectoderm from the ______.
Rathke’s pouch.
Stomodaeum.
The Neurohypophysis is aka?
Posterior pituitary
The neurohypophysis develops from the ________, which is a downward extension from neural ectoderm from the floor of the diencephalon.
Infundibulum (aka pituitary stalk).
The Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis are both _____ in origin.
ectodermal
The three main functions of the hypothalamus are?
- Make ADH and Oxytocin
- secret Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
- Affect Adrenal Glands
Which two hormones are stored in the PP gland?
ADH and oxytocin
The system of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called?
The Hypophyseal Portal System
The 4th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to?
Superior parathyroid and ultimobrachial body
What is the fate of the ultimobrachial body? (what cells and what do they produce)
Gives rise to parafollicular cells that produce Calcitonin (tones down blood Ca2+ levels).
The thyroid gland develops from apex of?
the foramen cecum of developing tongue
the thyroid gland descends through the ____ _____
thyroglossal duct
thyroid gland makes what three hormones?
- –Calcitonin (from parafollicular cells)
- –Triiodothyronine (T3)
- –Thyroxin (T4)
The thyroid gland has what two cell types? What hormones do they produce?
- Folliclular cells —–
(produce T3 and T4) - Parafollicular cells —–
(produce Calcitonin)
What disease is caused when the thyroid fails to develop?
Cretinism, extreme case of congenital hypothyrodism
What cells reside within the parathyroid gland? what do these cells secret
Chief cells aka principal cells, they secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH). This counteracts Calcatonin, and increases Ca2+ blood levels.
The Adrenal glands are divided into?
Adrenal Medulla (inner) and Adrenal Cortex (outer).
The Adrenal Medulla is derived from?
Ectoderm (neural crest cells), similar to sympathetic NS.
The Adrenal Medulla secrets?
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
what cells are located within the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells, which produce catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
the Adrenal cortex secrets?
Steroid hormones (like mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens)
The Adrenal cortex is derived from?
mesoderm
The adrenal cortex is ___ derived, the adrenal medulla is ___ derived.
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex can cause ______ syndrome. A “Moon face” would be a symptom.
Cushing Syndrome.
This is due to AP gland over secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which causes adrenal cortex to secret cortisol.
An underproduction of cortisol can cause ____ disease (a hypo-secretion of glucocorticoids).
Addison’s Disease
Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
Pancreas has islet of Langerhan cells containing which three cells types?
Alpha cells, Beta cells, and Delta Cells.
Alpha cells secret?
Glucagon
Beta cells secret?
Insulin
Delta cells secret?
Somatostatin
Which cells (alpha, beta, or delta) are most numerous?
Beta cells
Chief cells (principal cells) reside in? produces what?
- Parathyroid gland
- PTH (increase blood Ca2+ levels)
the pars distalis is part of the ____ ____, and has two cell types; _____ and _____
anterior pituitary, and has chromophobes and chromophils.
