Endocrine Hist Reynolds

Question 1

The Adenohypophysis is aka?

Answer 1

Anterior Pituitary

Question 2

Embryologically, the Adenohypophysis developes from ____ ____. This is an upward invagination of oral ectoderm from the ______.

Answer 2

Rathke’s pouch.

Stomodaeum.

Question 3

The Neurohypophysis is aka?

Answer 3

Posterior pituitary

Question 4

The neurohypophysis develops from the ________, which is a downward extension from neural ectoderm from the floor of the diencephalon.

Answer 4

Infundibulum (aka pituitary stalk).

Question 5

The Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis are both _____ in origin.

Answer 5

ectodermal

Question 6

The three main functions of the hypothalamus are?

Answer 6

• Make ADH and Oxytocin
• secret Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
• Affect Adrenal Glands

Question 7

Which two hormones are stored in the PP gland?

Answer 7

ADH and oxytocin

Question 8

The system of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called?

Answer 8

The Hypophyseal Portal System

Question 9

The 4th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to?

Answer 9

Superior parathyroid and ultimobrachial body

Question 10

What is the fate of the ultimobrachial body? (what cells and what do they produce)

Answer 10

Gives rise to parafollicular cells that produce Calcitonin (tones down blood Ca2+ levels).

Question 11

The thyroid gland develops from apex of?

Answer 11

the foramen cecum of developing tongue

Question 12

the thyroid gland descends through the ____ _____

Answer 12

thyroglossal duct

Question 13

thyroid gland makes what three hormones?

Answer 13

• –Calcitonin (from parafollicular cells)
• –Triiodothyronine (T3)
• –Thyroxin (T4)

Question 14

The thyroid gland has what two cell types? What hormones do they produce?

Answer 14

1. Folliclular cells —–
   (produce T3 and T4)
2. Parafollicular cells —–
   (produce Calcitonin)

Question 15

What disease is caused when the thyroid fails to develop?

Answer 15

Cretinism, extreme case of congenital hypothyrodism

Question 16

What cells reside within the parathyroid gland? what do these cells secret

Answer 16

Chief cells aka principal cells, they secrete Parathyroid hormone (PTH). This counteracts Calcatonin, and increases Ca2+ blood levels.

Question 17

The Adrenal glands are divided into?

Answer 17

Adrenal Medulla (inner) and Adrenal Cortex (outer).

Question 18

The Adrenal Medulla is derived from?

Answer 18

Ectoderm (neural crest cells), similar to sympathetic NS.

Question 19

The Adrenal Medulla secrets?

Answer 19

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 20

what cells are located within the adrenal medulla?

Answer 20

Chromaffin cells, which produce catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 21

the Adrenal cortex secrets?

Answer 21

Steroid hormones (like mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens)

Question 22

The Adrenal cortex is derived from?

Answer 22

mesoderm

Question 23

The adrenal cortex is ___ derived, the adrenal medulla is ___ derived.

Answer 23

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Question 24

Overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex can cause ______ syndrome. A “Moon face” would be a symptom.

Answer 24

Cushing Syndrome.

This is due to AP gland over secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which causes adrenal cortex to secret cortisol.

Question 25

An underproduction of cortisol can cause ____ disease (a hypo-secretion of glucocorticoids).

Answer 25

Addison’s Disease

Question 26

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Answer 26

Pancreas

Question 27

Pancreas has islet of Langerhan cells containing which three cells types?

Answer 27

Alpha cells, Beta cells, and Delta Cells.

Question 28

Alpha cells secret?

Answer 28

Glucagon

Question 29

Beta cells secret?

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

Delta cells secret?

Answer 30

Somatostatin

Question 31

Which cells (alpha, beta, or delta) are most numerous?

Answer 31

Beta cells

Question 32

Chief cells (principal cells) reside in? produces what?

Answer 32

• Parathyroid gland

- PTH (increase blood Ca2+ levels)

Question 33

the pars distalis is part of the ____ ____, and has two cell types; _____ and _____

Answer 33

anterior pituitary, and has chromophobes and chromophils.