Endocrine Glands and Hormones Flashcards
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta-endorphin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin
Posterior Pituitary Gland
antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
Thyroid gland
thyroxine, calcitonin
Parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone
pancreas
insulin, glucagon
Adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone),
Liver
Insulin-like growth factors
Adrenal medulla
epinephrine, norepinephrine, proenkephalin fragments
Ovaries
estradiol, progesterone
Testes
testosterone
Heart (atrium)
atrial peptide
Kidney
renin
Growth hormone(s)
stimulates insulin-like growth factor I secretion from the liver, protein synthesis, growth, and metabolisml other aggregates of the growth hormone (GH) also have biological function and make up more complex superfamily of GH
Adrenocorticoptropic Hormone
Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex
Beta-Endorphin
stimulated analgesia
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulated thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates growth of follicles in ovary and seminiferous tubules in testes, stimulates ovum and sperm production
Luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovulation as well as secretion of sex hormones in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
Prolactin
stimulates milk production in the mammary glands; maintains corpora lutea and secretion of progesterone
Antidiuretic hormone
increases contraction of smooth muscle and reabsorption of water by kidneys
Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions and releases of milk by mammary glands
Thyroxine
stimulates oxidative metabolism in mitochondria and cell growth
Calcitonin
reduces calcium phosphate levels in blood
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium; decreases blood phosphate, stimulates bone formation
Insulin
Reduces blood glucose concetrations via promotion of glucose uptake by cells; promotes glycogen storage; suppresses fat oxidation and gluconeogenesis; is involved in protein synthesis
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels
Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone)
catabolic and anti-anabolic: promote protein breakdown and inhibit amino acid incorporation into proteins; conserve blood glucose concentrations via stimulation of conversion of proteins into carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis); suppress immune cell function; promote fat oxidation
Mineralocorticoids
increase body fluids via sodium-potassium retention
Insulin-like growth factors
increase protein synthesis in cells
Epinephrine
increases cardiac output; increases blood sugar and glycogen breakdown and fat metabolism
norepinephrine
has properties of epinephrine; constricts blood vessels
Proenkephalin fragments
Enhance immune cell function, has analgesia effects
Estradiol
Stimulate development of female sex characteristics
Progesterone
Stimulates development of female sex characteristics and mammary glands, maintains pregnancy
Testosterone
anabolic and anti-catabolic: Promotes amino acid incorporation into proteins and inhibits protein breakdown; stimulates growth and development and maintenance of male sex characteristics
Atrial peptide
regulates sodium, potassium, and fluid volume
Renin
Regulates kidney function, permeability, and solute.
