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SUM: Histology 1 > Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is Endocrine Secretion

A

Endocrine glands lack ducts-

Their secretory products (hormones) generally pass into blood or lymphatic circulation.

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2
Q

Define Paracrine Secretion

A

Secretory products (hormones) are secreted directly into the intercellular space (interstitial fluid or short loops of blood vessels) to elicit a local effect on adjacent cells.

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3
Q

Define Autocrine Secretion

A

Hormones that are secreted into the vascular system and eventually enter the tissue fluids & depending on specificity of hormones can alter the activities of one or more organ

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4
Q

What are Target Organs

A

Organs that respond to a specific hormone

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5
Q

Hormones can be classified into 3 general categories according to their chemical structure…

Name 3 categories

A
  1. AA Polymers ( Polypeptides, Proteins, Glycoproteins)
  2. Cholesterol derivatives (Sterols &Steroids)
  3. Tyrosine Derivatives (Thyroid hormones & catecholamines)
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6
Q

T or F

In autocrine secretion, cells may produce molecules that act themselves or on cells off the same type.

A

T

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7
Q

Give an example of an autocrine Secretion cell that produces molecules that act on themselves

A

IGF- Insulin-growth factor produced by several cells that my act on cells that produce it.

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland is also know as

A

Hypophysis

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9
Q

Pituitary Gland dimensions

A

.5 g in adults and demotions of 10x13x6mm

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10
Q

Where is Pituitary Gland found

A

Lies below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid bone, the Sella Turcica (depression in the sphenoid bone)

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11
Q

Pituitary Gland consists of 2 glands

Name them

A
  1. Anterior (Adenohypophysis)

2. Posterior (Neurohypophysis)

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12
Q

Neurohypophysis retains many histologic features of brain tissue and consist of a large part of ________ & the small _________

A

Pars nervosa & small infundibulum (stalk is the top of a slide, Pars is the bottom portion)

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13
Q

Define Pars Nervosa

A

Contains the endings of neurosecretory neurons, capillaries & pituicytes

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14
Q

Pituitary gland forms form 2 separate embryonic structures

Name these structures

A
  1. Hypophyseal pouch or Rathke pouch is the future Anterior Pituitary - grows form the roof of the pharynx.
  2. Neurohypophyseal bud the future Posterior Pituitary forms from the diencephalon
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15
Q

Adenohypophysis derives form the ______ , has 3 parts name parts

A

Oral ectoderm

  1. Large = Pars Distalis
  2. Anterior Lobe = pars tuberalis (wraps around the infundibulum)
  3. Thin = pars intermedia adjacent to the Posterior pars nervosa
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16
Q

Pituitary gland is connected to what

A

Hypothalamus at the base of the brain

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17
Q

Define hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

A

System of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

Function: quickly transport & exchange hormones between the hypothalamus & Anterior Pituitary gland

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18
Q

Superior Arteries divide into what

A

Primary Plexus of fenestrated capillaries that irrigate the Salk & medial eminence.

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19
Q

Define fenestrations

A

Pores that will allow large molecules through
Found in= where their is extensive molecular exchange with the blood such as small intestine, endocrine glands & kidneys.

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20
Q

Hypothalamus specialized neuron clusters called ________ cells produce what type of hormone or hormones

A

Neurosecretory Cells
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OXT)

Transported to the pituitary stored for later

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21
Q

ADH and Oxytocin are synthesized by large neurons in the ______ and the ______

A

Supraoptic nuclei

Paraventricular nuclei

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22
Q

Blood supply derives from 2 groups of vessels, coming off the _______ ________ _______ and drained by the ______ ______

A

Internal Carotid Artery

Hypophyseal vein

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23
Q

Superior Hypophyseal arteries supply the ____ ____ and the _____ _____

A

Median eminence

Infundibular stalk

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24
Q

Inferior hypophyseal arteries provide blood mainly _______

A

Neurohypophysis

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25
Q

Superior arteries divide into _____ _____ of fenestrated capillaries that irrigate the ______ & ______ ______.

A

Primary Plexus
Stalk
Median eminence

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26
Q

Adenohypophysis is also known as _______

Has 3 parts

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland
Large Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis surrounding the infundibulum
This pars intermedia

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27
Q

Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are called ______ ______ ______ based on their staining properties

A

Acidophils
Basophils
Chromophobes

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28
Q

Pars Distalis is part of what and what is its main component

A

Anterior pituitary
Accounts of 75 % of Adenohypophysis
Has thin fibrous capsule
Main component: cords of well stained endocrine cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries & supportive reticular tissue

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29
Q

Pars Distalis - name different staining affinities

A

Chromophils- secretory cells in which hormones are stored in cytoplasmic granules.
Chromophobes

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30
Q

Chromophils are also known as what

A

Basophils
Acidophils
Based on their affinities for basic & acidic dyes

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31
Q

Acidophils secrete either _______ _______ or _________ and are called ________ & ________.

A

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
Prolactin
Are called - somatotrophs & lactotrophs

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32
Q

Basophilic cells are the _____, ______ & _______ with target cells in the _______ cortex, ______, &——— gland.

A 
Corticotrophs 
Gonadotrophs 
Thyrotrophs
Adrenal 
Gonads
Thyroid
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33
Q

Gonadotrophs secrete 2 different glycoproteins ?

A
  1. Follicle-Stimulationg hormone (FSH)

2. Leutenizing Hormone (LH) or ICSH in Men (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone)

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34
Q

Main protein synthesized in Corticotrophs is

A

POMC= pro-opoimelanocortin which is cleaved posttranslatinally into the polypeptide hormones ACTH-adrenocortical tropic Hormone and B-lipoprotein (B-LPH)

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35
Q

Hormones produced by the Pars Distalis regulate almost all other endocrine glands…name

A

Ovarian function
Sperm production
Milk production
Metabolism of muscle, bone, adipose tissue

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36
Q

Define Pars Tuberalis & most of its cells are ______

A

Smaller funnel shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis.
Part of the anterior lobe of the APG and wraps the pituitary stalk in a Highly Vascularized sheath.
Most of cells are Gonadotrophs

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37
Q

What are the major cell types of Anterior Pituitary & major function

A
  1. Somatotrophs= stimulates Growth in Epiphyseal plated of long bones via insulin like growth factors (IGF’s) produced in Liver
  2. Lactotropsh or mammotrophs= Milk secretion
  3. Gonadotrophs = FSH promotes ovarian follicle development & estrogen secretion
  4. Thyrotrophs= Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, liberation
  5. Corticotrophs= stimulate secretion of adrenal cortex Hormone & regulation of lipid metabolism
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38
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) is responsible for what

A 
Acts on all body tissues, 
Cartilage
Bone 
Muscle 
Adipose tissue
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39
Q

Name 2 forms of Melanocytes-stimulating hormones (MSH)

A

Gamma- LPH & B-endorphin

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40
Q

Activities of the cells of Anterior Pituitary are controlled by what

A

Hypothalamic hormones

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41
Q

Another mechanism controlling activity fo AP cells is _____ _____ by hormones form the target organs

A

Negative feedback

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42
Q

Major hormones outside the feedback look or major target tissues are

A

Polypeptide ghrelin produced mainly in the stomach mucosa, also acts as a releasing hormone for Somatotropin & Oxytocin, released in the posterior pit during Brest feeding =increasing secretion of Prolactin

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43
Q

Posterior Pituitary is also know as

A

Neurohypophysis

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44
Q

PP gland is composed of what

A

Neural tissue containing 100,000 unmyelinated azons of large secretory neurons with cell bodies in the supraoptic & paraventricula nuclei of the hypothalamus

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45
Q

Name the most abundant cell type in the posterior pituitary gland & what do they resemble?

A

Pituicytes = highly branched glia cells

They resemble= Astrocytes (star shaped glia cells of the CNS)

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46
Q

What are axonal dilations called

A

Neurosecretory bodies or Herring bodies = visible in the light microscope as faintly eosinophilic structures

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47
Q

Neurosecretory bodies or ______ ______ contain ______ ______ granules with either ______ or _____ bound to 10 kDa carrier protein called ____ ____ & _____

A

Herring Bodies
Membrane enclosed granules
Oxytocin or ADH
Neurophysin 1 & 2

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48
Q

What is released due to an increase in blood toxicity

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

49
Q

What type of sensory cells are present in the hypothalamus when activated during increased levels of toxicity

A

Osmoreceptor cells

50
Q

What is ADH responsible for during increased levels of toxicity in the system

A

ADH increases the permeability of the renal collecting ducts to water, to allow more water reabsorption from the filtrate in these tubules, so that the osmotic balance of body fluids has been restored

51
Q

Name the Hypothalamic Hormones Regulating cells of the Anterior Pit (6) & functions

A
  1. TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone) = stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH)
  2. Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)= stimulates both follicle-stimulating Hormone & leutenizing Hormone
  3. Somatostatin= Inhibits release of both somatotropin (GH) & TSH
  4. Growth Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)= stimulates release of GH
  5. Dopamine= inhibits release of prolactin (PRL)
  6. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)= stimulates synthesis fo pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and release of both b-lipotropin (B-LPH) and Corticotropin (ACTH)
52
Q

Term for frequent urination

A

Polyuria

53
Q

Term for increased thirst

A

Polydipsia

54
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary & function (x2)

A
  1. ADH= Vasopressin/Antidiuretic hormone= increases h2o permeability of renal collecting ducts
  2. Oxytocin= stimulates contractions of mammary gland myoephithelial cells & uterine smooth muscle
55
Q

Adrenal glands are covered by _________ _______tissue capsule that sends thin _______ into the glands ________

A

Dense connective tissue capsule
Trabeculae
Parenchyma

56
Q

The stroma consists mainly of ______ _______ supporting the secretory cells and microvasculature.

A

Reticula fibers

57
Q

Adrenal glands have two concentric regions….name

A
  1. Adrenal cortex (yellowish)

2. Medulla (reddish-brown)

58
Q

Cortex arises form ________ and the medulla ________

A

Mesoderm

Neural crest

59
Q

Adrenal glands are supplied by several arteries, branches of these arteries form ________ ______

A

Cortical Arterioles which branch as capillaries & sinusoids that irrigate the cotes and then join the medullary capillaries Medularry arterioles

60
Q

What penetrated directly to the medulla and form a network of fenestrated sinusoids

A

Medullary arterioles

61
Q

Capillaries & Sinusoids give rise to ___ ____ ____, which join as the ____ _____ leaving the gland

A

Central Medullary veins

Suprarenal Vein

62
Q

Cells of the adrenal cortex have characteristic features of what kind of cells

A

Steroid-secreting cells(acidophilic cytoplasm rich in lipid droplets w/central nuclei)

63
Q

Cells of adrenal cortex cytoplasm shown profuse smooth ___ ____ of interconnected _____ which contain the enzymes for _______ _____ and conversion of the steroid into specific active steroid hormone

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Tubules
Cholesterol synthesis
Pro hormone pregnenolone

64
Q

Adrenal cortex has 3 concentric zones in which the cords of epithelial steroid-producing cells are arranged somewhat differently, synthesizing different classes of steroid hormones.

Name 3 zones

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zonal reticularis
65
Q

Zona glomerulosa is found

A

Zona glomerulosa is most the superficial concentric zone

-has round clusters of cells producing mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) which regulates electrolyte levels.

66
Q

Aldosterone is produced where & what is it responsible for

A

By adrenal glands in the zona glomerulosa concentric zone.

Responsible for regulating electrolyte levels

67
Q

Middle concentric zone is know as & has ______ strands of cells producing _________ such as _______ which regulates carbohydrates metabolism

A

Zona Fasciculata
Elongated strands
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol

68
Q

Inner most zone of adrenal gland is known as ______

A

Zona Reticularis

69
Q

Zona Reticularis has a network of cells making the ____ ____ _____ which is converted to _______ in Men & Woman

A

Weak androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Testosterone

70
Q

Adrenal Medulla contains neural crest derived _____ _____ synthesizing either ______ or ______ that regulate the stress responses.

A

Chromaffin cells
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

71
Q

Zona glomerulosa superficial to the capsule comprising _____ % of the cortex & made up of what type of cells

A

15%

Closely packed, rounded arched cords of Columnar or pyramidal cells w/ many capillaries

72
Q

Steroid made by the cells of zona glomerulosa are called ____

A

Mineralocorticoids-they affect the uptake of Na, K and h20 by cell of renal tubules

73
Q

Aldosterone major regulator of salt balance stimulates Na reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules. This Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by _____ _____ and also by an increase in plasma ______ concentration

A

Angiotensin II

Plasma K concentration

74
Q

Zona Fasciculata occupies ____% to ____% of the cortex & consists of large ______cells (one or 2 cells thick) separated by ____ _____

A

65%
80%
Polyhedral
Sinusoidal capillaries

75
Q

Secretion of Cortisol is controlled by ______ with negative feedback proportional to the circulation of glucocorticoids

A

ACTH

76
Q

Innermost Zone ______ comprised of ____% of cortex. Produce cortisol but primarily secrete the ____ _____, including _______ (DHEA) what is converted to testosterone in both sexes

A

Zona Reticularis
10%
Weak androgens
Dehydroepiandrosterone

77
Q

Sucretion of DHEA is stimulated by ______ with regular feedback

A

ACTH

78
Q

Medullary parenchymal cells are known as ____ ____ arise form ____ ____ cells

A

Chromaffin cells

Neural crest cells

79
Q

Chromaffin cell scan be considered modified ____ ____ ____, lacking _____ & dendrites and specialized as ______ cells.

A

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Axons
Secretory cells

80
Q

Chromaffin cells contain many electron dense granules 150 to 350 no in diameter, for storage and secretion of ________ . Give example of 2

A

Catecholamines

Ex: epinephrine or norepinephrine

81
Q

Both catecholamines together with ____ & ____ are bound in granular storage complex with ____ proteins called ______

A

Ca+
ATP
49-kDa proteins
Chromogranins

82
Q

The conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine (Adrenalin) occurs only in ______ _____. Of the adrenal _______. About ____% of catecholamines secreted from the adrenal is ______

A

Chromaffin cells
Adrenal Medulla
80%
Epinephrine

83
Q 
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are?
What type of Cell?
Produce ?
A

Small clusters of pale cells embedded within the exocrine tissue
Primarily B-Cells
Making Insulin, A-Cell (Glucagon) & Gamma cells (Somatostatin)

84
Q

Pancreatic Islets names (x4)

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Gamma cells
PP cells (Pancreatic Polypeptide)

85
Q

Alpha cell

Hormone & function

A

Glucagon= raises blood glucose levels

86
Q

Beta cell

Hormone & function

A

Insulin=lowers blood glucose levels

87
Q

Gamma cell

Hormone & function

A

Somatostatin= inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatotropin

88
Q

PP cells

Hormone & function

A

Pancreatic polypeptide = inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzyme & HCO-3

89
Q

Thyroid glands (x2)

A

Follicular Cells= thyroid hormones (T3, T4): increases metabolic rate.
Parafollicular or C Cells= Calcitonin: lowers blood Ca+ levels by inhibiting osteoclasts activity.

90
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Endocrine cells = chief cells
Hormone= Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Function= raises blood Ca+ levels stimulating osteoclast activity

91
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Endocrine cells= Pinealocytes
Hormones= Melatonin
Function= regulates circadian rhythms

92
Q

Diabetes Millitus characterized by what & what type is it & cause.

A

Loss of Insulin effect and failure of cell to take up glucose, leading to elevated blood sugar or Hyperglycemia
Type 1 Diabeter or Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Caused by: loss of B-cells form autoimmune destruction
Tx: injection of insulin

93
Q

Type 2 Diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

A

B-Cells are present but fail to produce adequate levels of insulin in response to hyperglycemia and the peripheral target cells “resist” or no longer respond to the hormone.
Occurs commonly with Obesity-poorly understood multifunctional genetic components.

94
Q

Increased glucose levels stimulate _______ cells to release _______ & inhibit ___ _____from releasing glucagon.

A

B cells
Insulin
A Cells

95
Q

Decreased glucose levels stimulates ___ _____ to release glucagon.

A

Alpha cells

96
Q

Serotonin a neurotransmitter also known as 5-_________

A

5-Hydroxytryptamine

97
Q

DNES

Why are they important

A

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System

Important due to their role in regulation motility and excretions of all types within the digestive system

98
Q

Thyroid gland is located ______ & ______ to the larynx, consists of 2 lobes united by ______.

A

Anterior
Inferior
Isthmus

99
Q

Thyroid gland originates in early embryonic life from the _____ _____

A

Foregut endoderm

100
Q

Thyroid gland is described as what

A

Highly vascular

Butterfly shaped glans surrounding the anterior surface of trachea just below the larynx

101
Q

The parenchyma of the thyroid is composed of millions of rounded epithelial ____ _____ , each with simple epithelium & central lumen densely filled with _____ _____ ______.

A

Thyroid follicles

Gelatinous acidophilic Colloid

102
Q

Thyrocytes (follicular cells) have ______ _______ complexes and rest on a ______ lamina.

A

Apical Junctional complexes

Basal Lamina

103
Q

Chronic Dietary Iodine deficiencies inhibits Thyroid hormone production causing _______ _____ of the anterior pit gland to produce excess ________. Leading to excessive growth fo thyroid follicles & enlargement fo the thyroid gland, a condition know as _____.

A

Thyrotropic cells
TSH
Goiter

104
Q

Decreased levels of circulation iodide trigger synthesis of NIS, increasing ______ uptake and compensating for the lower plasma concentration.

A

Iodine uptake

105
Q

Define Pendrin

A

Apical iodide/chloride transporter, pumps I form thyrocyts into the colloid

106
Q

What is the major regulator of the Anatomic and functional state of thyroid follicles ?

A

TSH (Thyrotropin) from the anterior pituitary

107
Q

What is Graves’ disease

A

Autoimmune disorder in which antibodies produce chronic stimulation of the follicular cell & release of thyroid hormones (Hypothyroidism) which cause the hyper metabolic state marked by wight loss, nervousness, sweating, heat intolerance and other features.

108
Q

Hypothyroidism defined as

A

With reduced thyroid hormone levels, can be caused by local inflammation (thyroid it is) of inadequate secretion of TSH by the APG.

109
Q

Parathyroid Gland are _______ small ovoid masses. Located in back of the ______ _______,

A

Four small ovoid

Back of thyroid gland

110
Q

Parathyroid Glands are derived form the ________ ______ pouches

A

Embryonic pharyngeal pouches

111
Q

Endocrine cells fo the parathyroid glands are called ____ _____

A

Principal Chief cells

112
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates what

A

PTH stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption (and inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubules)
Also indirectly increases the Ca2+ absorption in the SI by stimulating vitamin D activation .

113
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Increased osteoclast activity increasing levels of blood calcium that can be deposited pathologically in cartilage, arteries or kidneys

114
Q

Pineal Gland is also known as _________. Regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activity.
Small ______ _____ organ.
Covered by _____ ______ of the _______ matter.

A

Epiphysis cerebellum
Pine cone-shaped
Connective tissue
Pia matter

115
Q

Pineal gland secretory cells are called

A

Pine-alocytes= slightly basophilic cytoplasm

116
Q

Melatonin is a ________ derivative

A

Tryptophan

117
Q

Pineal gland acts as a _______ _______ converting sensory input regarding light and darkness into variations in many hormonal functions.

A

Neuroendocrine transducer

118
Q

Pineal gland also has _____ _____ cells that are modified ________. Usually found in ______ areas & between the groups of pinealocytes.

A

Interstitial glia cells
Astrocytes
Perivascular area

119
Q

Characteristic feature of Pineal glans is the presence of variously sized concentrations of ____ and ______ salts called _____ ______ or brain sand.

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Corpora arenacea

SUM: Histology 1 (5 decks)

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