Endocrine FA 306-310 and neuro Flashcards
what is the site of a lingual thyroid?
Tongue
what is thyrogolssal duct cyst?
anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue
mass located on the anterior border of the sternodocladomasotid muscle is from what embryonic derivative?
2-4 cleft form temporal cervical sinus of brachial cleft cyst
bonus: what develops from the first cleft?
Ext Auditory meatus
thyroid tissue is derived from
endoderm
C cells are derived from
Neural crest.
Note C-Cells is also called parafollicular cells
Name the layers of the adrenal cortex
Glomerulosa Fasiculata Reticularis (GFR)
what part in the endocrine system is chromatin cells from?
adrenal medulla (neural crest)
what are the primary Regulatory control of Glomerulosa
RAS
what is the secretory product of the glomerulosa
Aldosterone
what are the primary regulatory control of the fasiculata and reticularis
ACTH, CRH
secretory product of fasiculata
cortisol
secretory product of reticularis
Androgens
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) is from what embryonic origin
surface/oral ectoderm
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is derived from
neuroectoderm
list all the ant pituitary hormones
FLAT PiG & B(basophils)-FLAT ( pg 307 FA 2016)
alpha subunit hormones is common to
FSH, LH, TSH & HCG
B-subunit determines which of the following?
sensitivity, specificity, PPV or NPV
Specificity
Vasopressin (AKA ADH) is made from what nucleus in the brain?
SupraOptic nuclei
Oxytocin is made from what nucleus in the brain?
Paraventricular nuclei
what cell types are in the ISLet of Langerhans and what do they secret?
Alpha= glucagon (periphery) Beta= insulin (central) inside delta= somatostatin (interspersed)
where does synthesis of insulin occur?
RER
what relationship between Insulin and C-peptide?
C-Peptide is increased in endogenous insulin production not exogenous
Name two scenarios in which insulin and C-peptide are increased
Insulinoma & Sulfornureas Use
Exogenous insulin have Cpeptide, True or False
false only endogenous
what receptor does insulin bind to?
tyrosine kinase receptor
what kind of transport is needed for inducing glucose uptake into insulin dependent tissues?
Carrier mediated
List all functions of insulin
increase glucose uptake into skeletal and adipose tissue increase glycogen storage and synthesis increase triglyceride synthesis increase Na+ retention in kidneys increase protein synthesis increase cellular uptake of K+ & amino acid decrease glucagon release decrease lipolysis
does insulin cross the placenta?
No only glucose
what are the insulin independent transporters and list examples.
GLUT 1- RBC, Brain cornea placenta
GLUT2- small intestine, Beta pancreatic cells, liver kidney
GLUT3- Brain Placenta
GLUT 4- Adipose tissue skeletal muscle
Glut 5- fructose, spermatocyte & GI tract
what does the brain use as energy source during starvation
Ketones
Can RBC use Ketones for energy & why?
NO only use glucose, RBC lack mitochondria for aerobic metabolism
where do GLP 1 come from?
Meals
what is the function of GLP1
increase beta sensitivity to glucose.
what MOA of sulfonyureas
blocks K channel, causing influx of Ca2+ via voltage gated calcium channels, increasing insulin release
what ratios are increased before closing K+ channels in beta cell of pancreas
increase ATP/ADP ratio
what are the functions of glucagon?
Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis lipolysis and ketone production
what 3 things inhibit glucagon
Somatostatin, Insulin and hyperglycemia
dopamine antagonist drugs eg antipsychotics causes———————- due to hyperprolactenemia
galactorrhea
what inhibits prolactin
dopamine
what GHRH analog drug is used to treat HIV associated lipodystrophy?
Tesamorelin
prolactin suppresses ————— ?
GnRH
Pulsatile GnRH leads to ————–& __________?
Puberty and fertility
4 symptoms of Pituitary prolactinoma
galactorrhea, amenohrea, hypogonadism, osteoporosis
Analog of somatostatin used to treat esophageal varices
Ocreotide
Bonus: what else do ocreotide treat
carcinoid syndrome, acromegaly
function of prolactin
stimulate milk production(hence Gallactorhe) in breast and inhibit ovulation (hence amnehorea) and inhibit spermatogenesis (hence decrease libido)
how does prolactin inhibit its own secretion?
increase dopamine synthesis by stimulating the hypothalamus then causing excess dopamine to inhibit prolactin
TX of hyperprolactinemia
dopamine agonist( bromocrptine and carbagobulin)
what type of drugs stimulate prolactin secretion
dopamine antagonist ( antipsychotics) and estrogen (e.g OCPS & pregnancy)
Bonus: Most common cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries
Norovirus (single stranded RNA virus)
what induces the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and neural plate
notochord
what gene is present in the notochord
sonic hedgehog
notochord becomes ———– in adults
nucleus pulposus
list the 3 major region that makes up the three primary vesicles of developing the brain
Forebrain,midbrain and hind brain
what do the prosencephalon form
telencephalon and diencephalon
what does telencephalon form
cerebral hemisphere and lateral ventricle
what does diencephalon form
thalamus and 3rd ventricle
what does the mesencephalon form
midbrain and aqueduct
what does the rhombocephalon divide to
metencephalon and mylencephalon
metencephalon forms
pons, cerebellum and upper part of 4th ventricle
what does the mylencephalon form
medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle
where do the microglia cells originate from
mesoderm
failure of the bony spinal canal to close with the dura intact is associated with what pathology
spinal bifida occulta (tuft of hair)
a spinal problem with normal AFP
spinal bifida occulta
diff btw meningocele and meningomylocele
meningocele: meninges herniate only thru spinal canal
meninogemylocele: meninges and spinal card herniation
frog like appearance with polyhydramnious and inc AFP
ananencephaly
anencephaly is associated with what 2 complication
maternal diabetes type 1
maternal folate supplementation
failure of left and right hemisphere to separate and what gene and disease is it associated with?
holopronscencephaly, sonic hedge hog gene and patau syndrome
what is cyclopia
most severe form of holopronscencephaly
lack of cerebral vermis and an cystic enlarged 4th ventricle? list 2 associations
Dandy walker
associated with hydrocephalus & spinal bifida
what disease is associated with memningomylocele
arnold chiara type 2
absence of cerebellum is seen in what disease
Dandy walker
