Endocrine Drugs ,Antibiotic Drugs ,Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards
A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates
the activity of certain cells or organs.
HORMONES
Releases neurotransmitters Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Adrenal Medulla
Produces hormones called CORTICOSTERIODS
Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoid-
Cortisone,
Hydrocortisone
Glucocorticoid-
Cortisone,
Hydrocortisone
Mineralocorticoid -
Aldosterone
Gonadocorticoid-
Androgens
Potent immunosuppressants used to prevent organ-transplant rejection
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome
Dexamethasone
Impair the ability of
phagocytes and block
production of antibodies
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE
Produces Levothyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
Regulates the rate of metabolism
, Growth and development
one of the principal fuels used by our body
[broken down to ATP]
Glucose
one of the principal fuels used by our body
[broken down to ATP]
Glucose
gliclazide and tolbutamide
Short acting
chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide
Longer acting
Also known as prokaryotes which are
single-celled organisms that lack a true
nucleus and nuclear membrane
BACTERIA
Substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill
bacteria and other microorganisms
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
Substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill
bacteria and other microorganisms
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
Equal to the sum of
the effects of two antibiotics
ADDITIVE EFFFECT
occurs when
one antibiotic increases the effectiveness of
the 2nd drug
POTENTIATIVE EFFECT
when two
drugs are used together, the desired effect
may be greatly reduced
ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT
primarily effective against one type of
organism (selective)
NARROW SPECTRUM
effective against gram-positive and gramnegative organisms
BROAD SPECTRUM
once the MO is identified in the
lab, the antibiotic therapy is tailored by using the most narrow-spectrum, least toxic drug based on C&S results
DEFINITIVE THERAPY
occurs when the antibiotics reduce
or completely eliminate the normal bacterial flora
SUPERINFECTION
occurs when the antibiotics reduce
or completely eliminate the normal bacterial flora
SUPERINFECTION
when signs and symptoms do not
improve
SUBTHERAPEUTIC
when a drug selected is known to
be the best drug that can kill the MO
EMPIRIC THERAPY
Have the broadest antibacterial actions of any antibiotics; Bactericidal and inhibit cell wall
synthesis and are often reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections
CARBAPENEMS
R-
I-
P-
E-
S-
R-RIFAMPICIN
I-ISONIAZID
P-PYRAZINAMIDE
E-ETHAMBUTOL
S- STREPTOMYCIN
term used to described fungal infection
Mycosis
works by inhibiting DNA and RNA polymerase and
raises the pH within the parasite which
interferes with the parasite’s ability to
metabolize and use erythrocyte’s
hemoglobin
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine;
Mefloquine and Quinine
inhibit dihydrofolate
reductase, enzyme needed for
production of vital substances
Pyrimethamine
Binds and alters parasitic
DNA
Primaquine
blocks ACh which results to paralysis of the worm
Pyrantel
potentiates CNS of the nematode
leading to paralysis
Ivermectin
increases permeability of the cell
membrane of the worm which causes dislodgement on the site of residence which they are then killed by the host
Praziquantel
destroys worm’s cytoplasm which
immobilizes and kills the worm
Albendazole
destroys worm’s cytoplasm which
immobilizes and kills the worm
Albendazole
inhibit helminth-specific enzyme
Thiabendazole
lactating women,
children below 12y/o, eczematous rash
Amantadine
in general,
severe allergy
Contraindications
renal toxicity and those
receiving nephrotoxic drugs
Cidofovir
renal toxicity and those
receiving nephrotoxic drugs
Cidofovir
high teratogenic potential
Ribavirin
STAGES OF HIV INFECTION
early, general symptoms of disease (lymphadenopathy with fever, rash, sore
throat, night sweats, candidiasis. Patient is termed HIV positive. May still be able to
seroconvert .CD4 cells begin to drop
Stage 2
severe symptoms, often leading to death – increasing destruction of helper
T cells, decline in immune function. When CD4 drops to 200 cells/mm3 below, severe
opportunistic infections and other system symptoms appear
Stage 4
moderate symptoms – infection progresses, and opportunistic infection
begins
Stage 3
asymptomatic infection (Few weeks to months after exposure)
Stage 1
What are the GOALS OF HAART
- Decrease viral load to
undetectable levels - Preserve and increase number of
CD4+ T cells - Prevent resistance
- Have client in good clinical
condition - Prevent secondary infections and
cancers
what are the circulatory system has two primary functions
(1) delivery of oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, electrolytes, and other
essentials to cells and
(2) removal of carbon dioxide and
metabolic wastes from cells. In
addition, the system helps fight
infection
load against which a
muscle exerts its force = arterial
pressure that the left ventricle
overcomes to eject blood
AFTERLOAD
determined by 1)
myocardial contractility (force with
which the ventricles contract), 2)
cardiac afterload, 3) cardiac preload
STROKE VOLUME
amount of tension
(stretch) applied to a muscle before
contraction = force of venous return
PRELOAD
amount of tension
(stretch) applied to a muscle before
contraction = force of venous return
PRELOAD
controlled by the ANS
HEART RATE
Defined as a persistent
systolic pressure of
greater than 140mmHg
and/or a diastolic pressure
of greater than 90mmHg
HYPERTENSION
Defined as a persistent
systolic pressure of
greater than 140mmHg
and/or a diastolic pressure
of greater than 90mmHg
HYPERTENSION
amount of
blood ejected from the left
ventricle and measured in Lpm
CARDIAC OUTPUT
resistance to blood flow
that is determined by the
diameter of the blood vessels and
vascular musculature
SVR
achieve a blood pressure of
less than 140/90mmHg and for
patients with hypertension and
diabetes, less than 130/90mmHg
JNC 7
morbidities and impact of patient’s
quality of life
Individualized considering co
Works along the carbonic anhydrase enzyme system in the proximal convoluted tubule Carbonic Anhydrase is needed to make hydrogen ions for the exchange of sodium and water
MOA
intense but subsides
within 15 mins of rest or medication and caused
mainly by atherosclerosis and can be triggered
by exertion or stress (cold, emotions) and
exacerbated by smoking, alcohol, coffee and
some drugs.
Chronic Stable Angina
from spasms of the
smooth muscle that surrounds the coronary
arteries and occurs at rest without any triggers
but usually occurring at the same time of day
Vasospastic Angina
early stage of progressive
artery disease characterized by pain increasing
in severity and frequency and may even occur at
rest
Unstable Angina
potent
vasoconstrictor and
can prevent Na and
water resorption
causing diuresis
ACEI
potent
vasodilator and
decreases systemic
vascular resistance
ARB
reduce/block SNS
stimulation with
cardioprotective
quality
BB
used as a topic
anesthetic is with added
epinephrine to control
bleeding in the area.
Never used intravenously
Lidocaine
used to treat cardiac
conditions
Plain lidocaine solution
hemostatic drugs, promote blood
coagulation
Anti-fibrinolytic
breaks down clots and thrombi that have
already formed
Thrombolytic
breaks down clots and thrombi that have
already formed
Thrombolytic
alter platelet function without preventing
the platelets from working
Hemorrheologic
prevent platelet plugs from forming by
inhibiting platelet aggregation
Antiplatelet
prevent platelet plugs from forming by
inhibiting platelet aggregation
Antiplatelet
inhibit the action or formation of clotting
factors and prevents clots from forming
Anti-coagulants
inhibit the action or formation of clotting
factors and prevents clots from forming
Anti-coagulants
- inhibits cyclooxygenase in the platelet to prevent formation of TXA2
(thromboxane is an enzyme that causes vessels to constrict and platelets to aggregate)
ASPRIN
– inhibits ADP to prevent signal to aggregate and form a clot
CLOPIDOGREL
reduces viscosity of the blood by increasing the flexibility of the
RBVs
- PENTOXYFYLLINE
reduces viscosity of the blood by increasing the flexibility of the
RBVs
- PENTOXYFYLLINE
reduced platelet aggregation via inhibition of T3 Phosphodiesterase
CILOSTAZOL
reduced platelet aggregation via inhibition of T3 Phosphodiesterase
CILOSTAZOL