Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine Drugs > Endocrine Drugs > Flashcards

Endocrine Drugs Flashcards

Explain the rationale and methods of management available for treating common hormonal disorders in small animals. Describe the effect of different insulin preparations and the methods available for assessing their efficacy. State the different treatment regimes and side effects associated with treatment of thyroid disorders. List the benefits and risks associated with treating animals with significant adrenal dysfunction.

1
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A
  • A collective term used for the ‘ductless glands’ and tissues that produced hormones.
  • Products secreted into the blood stream
  • Part of the regulatory system of the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine System?

A
  • To transport hormones
  • Hormones are produced in glands
  • Adrenal
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads - Ovary or Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of gland is the Pancreas?

A

A mixed Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pancreas secrete? and what is the function?

A
  • Insulin - secreted from the BETA cells in response to a HIGH blood glucose level e.g. after a meal.
  • Glucagon - secreted from the ALPHA cells in response to a LOW blood glucose level.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What two things the Pancreas secretes?

A
  • Somatostatin - secretes from the DELTA cells, inhibits insulin, GH and Glucagon.
  • Pancreatic Polypeptide - secreted from the PP cells. - Self- regulations of secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of Glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of Gluconeogensis?

A

The production of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What two things do the Insulin do?

A
  • glycogen production for storage.

- glucose utilisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What increases/decreases in Insulin?

A

DECREASE blood glucose levels.

INCREASE uptake and storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of Glucagon?

A

It is the opposite action of insulin.
+ gluconeogensis
+ glycogenolysis
+ lipolysis and proteolysis

FUEL MOBILISING HORMONE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus? and what species is prone to it?

A

Type 1 DM (IDDM)
insulin dependence DM (dogs)
Type 2 DM (NIDDM)
non- insulin dependence DM (cats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does ‘Mellitus’ mean?

A

Honey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

The inability to control blood glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Type 1 do?

A

damages the pancreas.

usually permanent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does type 2 do?

A

insulin is produced but not effective Insulin resistance).

pancreas responds by producing more insulin and may become exhausted -> type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What example of soluble insulin? the action? and how long it takes?

A

-Insuvet neutral.
- immediate (iv) acesses of ketoacidosis.
1-4 HOURS IV
3-8 HOURS IM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What example of Lente insulin? the action? and how long it takes?

A

= Caninsulin

  • acts 2-6hours after administering.
  • 8 - 24 HOURS - DOG
  • 8 - 10 HOURS - CAT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What example of Protamine Zinc Insulins? the action? and how long does it take?

A

= Prozinc
- acts 4 -14 hours after administering.
- 13 -24 HOURS
suitable for animals that metabolise insulin quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How would you monitor for diabetes?

A
  • drinking habits
  • weight
  • appetite
  • urine glucose
  • blood glucose curve
  • fructosamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What would you administer insulin with?

A

supplied as either 100IU or 40IU/ml

  • CHOOSE THE CORRECT SYRINGE.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what important points to do when having insulin?

A
  • store in refrigerator
  • DO NOT SHAKE - gently invert.
  • DO NOT USE SPIRIT - denatures.
  • CHECK DOSE
  • Inject SUBCUT - Vary Site.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the effects of ADH?

A
  • increases water re absorption in kidney -> concentrates urine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does diabetes Insipidus forms?

A

forms:
- Central DI
- failure of ADH release from the posterior pituitary. Associated with tumours.
- Nephrogenic DI
- kidney does not respond to ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment of Diabetes Insipidus?

A
  • The central disease can be treated.
  • Synthetic ADH, desmopressin DDAVP.
  • Drops or nasal spray
  • Binds to ADH receptors in collecting ducts of nephrons.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which hormone does Cushing’s release?

A

HYPERadrenocorticism

26
Q

Which hormone does Addison’s release?

A

HYPOadrenocorticism

27
Q

HAC - Cushing’s Syndrome.

What are the causes?

A

Tumour
- Adrenal Gland (-15%)
- Pituitary (-85%)
Iatrogenic

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A 
PUPD
Polyphagia
Alopecia
Altered Skin Elasticity
Hepatomegaly
29
Q

What are the treatment of HAC (Cushing’s Syndrome)?

A
  • Trilostane (Vetoryl) tablets
  • Mitotane (Lysodren) tablets
  • Radiation
  • Bilateral Adrenalectomy
30
Q

What is Trilostane medication?

A

Oral Capsules - POM-V
Treats adrenal and pituitary dependent cushings.
inhibits production of all adrenal cortex hormones.

31
Q

How to monitor, while administering Trilostane?

A

Regular ACTH stimulation test should be performed for monitoring (3-5hours post pill).

32
Q

Which patients cannot take this medication?

A

Avoid in patients with renal/hepatic insufficiency.

33
Q

What are the side effects of Trilostane medication?

A

V+/D+, lethargy, anorexia, (iatrogenic addison’s!).

34
Q

What is Mitotane medication?

A

Oral Tablet or capsule -POM (cascade).

35
Q

What does Mitotane cause?

A

Causes necrosis of adrenal cortex thus reducing adrenal cortical hormone production

36
Q

What are the precautions when using Mitotane medication?

A

Gloves should be worn to handle.

37
Q

What are the side effects of Mitotane medication?

A

V+/D+, lethargy anorexia.

Similar side effects and contra-indications to trilostane.

38
Q

What is primary hypoadrenocorticism?

A
  • reduction in mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid production and release.
  • autoimmune
39
Q

what is secondary hypoadrenocortism?

A

-iatrogenic, following withdrawal of glucocorticoids.

40
Q

Reduced Aldosterone =

A

= Electrolyte imbalances

41
Q

Reduced Glucocordicoids =

A

= Reduced appetite

42
Q

What is the treatment for glucocorticoids?

A

hydrocortisone
prednisolone

  • increases during times of stress.
43
Q

what is treatment for Aldosterone?

A

desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) (Zycortal)

  • Subcutaneous injection, every 25 - 31 days.
44
Q

What is treatment for Addisonisn Crisis?

A 
IVFT - for dehydration
IV Steriods (dexamethasone)
Correction of electrolyte imbalanced
- HYPERkalaemia
- HYPOnatremia
45
Q

What five hormones are in the thyroid gland?

A

TRH (hypothalamus)
TSH (pituitary)
T3 - Tri-iodothyronine
- active form, sets metabolic rate.
T4
- glands produce T4, converted to T3 in tissues.
Calcitonin
- regulates blood calcium levels (decrease).

46
Q

What can be used for HYPOthyroidism treatment?

A

L-thyroxine sodium.

synthetic T4 analogue.

47
Q

What are the side effects to a chronic overdose of thyrotoxicosis?

A
  • panting
  • nervousness
  • tachycardia
  • PUPD
  • Polyphagia
  • Weight-loss
  • Aggressive behaviour
48
Q

What four treatments are there for hyperthyroidism?

A
  • medical
  • iodine restricted diet
  • radioactive iodine
  • surgical thyroidectomy
49
Q

Name two Anti-thyroid medications?

A

Methimazole - is active form

Carbimazole - metabolised by the liver in to methimazole.

50
Q

What does the anti-thyroid medications interfere with?

A

interfere with synthesis of thyroid hormones

- reversible inhibition of enzyme.

51
Q

What are the side effects anti-thyroid medications?

A

V+, inappetance, diarrhoea.
iatrogenic hypothyroidism -> renal failure.
Rare: Facial pruritus (not dose dependent)., jaundice, cytopaenias, immune disorders.

52
Q

How does the Anti-thyroid medications?

A
  • reduced efficacy of phenobarbital

- reduced efficacy of medications when given with benzodiazepines (increases hepatic metabolism).

53
Q

What precautions must the owners be aware of when dealing with anti-thyroid medications?

A

Owners must wear gloves and not split tablets or handle liquids due to skin absorption.

54
Q

What is Radioactive Iodine?

A

It is regarded as the “Gold Standard” treatment especially useful if extra-thyroidal tissue.

55
Q

How is radioactive ionising administered?

A

Radioactive ionising isotope injected into the cat that selectively kills thyroid tissue.

56
Q

When patient is having radioactive ionising, where should they stay?

A

Isolation essential due to radioactive material.

57
Q

What is a Thyroidectomy?

A

Bilateral or Unilateral surgical removal of thyroid gland

58
Q

What complications arise when having a thyroidectomy procedure?

A

Removing the parathyroid glands as well.

59
Q

What happens when parathormone decreases?

A

It becomes HYPOcalcaemia.

60
Q

When can IV calcium gluconate be necessary?

A

In acute cases.

61
Q

How do you supplement hypoparathyroidism?

A

Supplement with Ca and Vitamin D

Endocrine Drugs (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions