Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > Endocrine disease (pathology) > Flashcards

Endocrine disease (pathology) Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

One whose secretions (hormones) pass directly into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones

A

Influence target organs by binding to receptors

Receptors may be on cell surface or intranuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exocrine gland

A

One whose secretions pass into the gut, respiratory tract or exterior of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal adrenals

A

About 4g each at surgery
2-6g in sudden death autopsies
Cortex is about 90% of total weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypocorticalism - causes (LOOK AT PICS)

A 
Pituitary disease
Primary adrenal failure
-developmental
-haemorrhagic necrosis
-autoimmunity
-destruction by TB or tumour
Iatrogenic
-suppression due to steroid therapy 
Addisonian atrophy
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypocorticalism - effects

A 
Skin pigmentation
Hypotension
Muscle weakness
Hypoglycaemia
Hyponatraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Renal dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypercorticalism

A 
Cushing's syndrome
-adrenal tumours
-iatrogenic
Cushing's disease
-pituitary microadenomas
Conn's syndrome
-excessive aldosterone
Adreno-genital syndrome
-androgen secreting adrenocortical carcinomas
-congenital adrenal hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effects of Cushing’s syndrome

A 
Obesity
-trunkal obesity
-buffalo hump
Hypertension
Osteoporosis
Hyperglycaemia
Myopathy
Skin atrophy
Polchythaemia
Susceptibility to infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phaeochromocytoma

A

Tumour of catecholamine producing chromaffin cells
Paroxysmal hypertension
-fluctuating BP and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phaeochromocytoma - associations

A 
Familial - autosomal dominant
Neurofibromatosis
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Parathyroid adenomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phaeochromocytoma - behaviour

A

Most are benign
5-10% are malignant
Metastasise to lymph nodes, lungs, liver and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phaeochromocytoma histology

A

Pinky blue hue
Ball cells?
Pleomorphic
Cells similar to that of medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thyroid cytology

A

Safe
< need to excuse benign lesions
Thy 1-5 categories
Can establish diagnosis of some types of carcinoma
-papillary
-medullary
-anaplastic
Can’t distinguish between benign and malignant follicular lesions
Orange: colloid? Follicular and blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thyroid disease

A 
Masses
-goitre
Malfunction
-hyperthyroidism
-hypothyroidism
-Hashimoto thyroiditis
-Graves disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thyroid mass

A

Cyst
Dominant nodule in multinodular goitre
Benign neoplasms
Malignant neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Benign neoplasms

A

Follicular adenoma
-usually solitary
-encapsulated
Commoner than malignant neoplasms

17
Q

Malignant neoplasms

A 
Papillary adenocarcinoma
Follicular adenocarcinoma
Medullary carcinoma
Anaplastic carcinoma
Lymphoma
18
Q

Papillary carcinoma

  • epidemiology
  • spread
  • prognosis
  • histology
A 
60-70% of cases
Children and young adults
Lymphatic spread
Excellent prognosis
HISTOLOGY
-true papillae
-optically clear nuclei
-nuclear grooves
-nuclear inclusion
-orphan Annie nuclei
19
Q

Follicular carcinoma

  • epidemiology
  • spread
  • prognosis
  • histology
A 
20-25% of cases
Young-middle aged
Blood stream spread
Good prognosis
Histology:
-varying degrees of differentiation
-poorly differentiated area
-genuine capsular invasion
-vascular invasion
20
Q 
Medullary carcinoma
-epidemiology
-spread
-prognosis
-
A 
5-10% of cases
Elderly, but familial cases earlier
Lymphatic and blood stream spread
Variable prognosis
Histology:
-variety of growth patterns
-C cell hyperplasia
21
Q

Anaplastic carcinoma

  • epidemiology
  • spread
  • prognosis
  • histology
A 
10-15% of cases
Elderly
Aggressive local spread
Very poor prognosis
Cells present as sheets with lots of mitoses and necrosis
22
Q

Lymphoma

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

  • may be in mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues
  • better prognosis than most other lymphomas
  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis the commonest cause seen by pathologists
23
Q

Feedback mechanism

A

The way that hormones are controlled

Demand and supply

24
Q

Clinical symptoms due to endocrine disease

A

Underproduction/ non-functioning
Overproduction
Mass
Malignancy

25
Q

Endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Pineal gland
Ovary/ testis
26
Q

Hypothalamic - pituitary axis

A

Controls endocrine system
Senses hormone levels –> releases corticotropin releasing hormone –> stimulates anterior pituitary to release hormones –> adrenocorticotropic hormone is released (stimulating) –> thyroid/ adrenal receive hormones –> release cortisol –> negative feedback to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

27
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Three layers: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculator (produces cortisone), zona reticularis (produces ?)

28
Q

Diagnostic tools

A

24hr urinary cortisol
Serum ACTH levels
Diurnal pattern of serum cortisol levels
Dexamathasone suppression test

29
Q

Addisonian atrophy

A

Hypofunctioning adrenal

Thin cortex

30
Q

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

A 
Rare but fatal
Young children
Sepsis
Body --> blue / black
Cortex is filled with blood
31
Q

Adrenal cortical adenoma

A 
Small
Benign
Well circumscribed border
Cells resemble normal cells
No necrosis
Small, regular nuclei
32
Q

Adrenal cortical carcinoma

A

Large
Areas of haemmorhage and necrosis
Pleomorphic cells

33
Q

Diagnostic tools - thyroid

A 
Serum T3, T4, TSH, calcitonin
Ultrasound
Radioactive iodine uptake studies
FNA
Core biopsy
Excision biopsy/ lobectomy
Bone scan
34
Q

Thyroid gland produces

A

Hormones - thyroxin
-T3, T4
TSH produced by pituitary

35
Q

Thyroid disease - Hypothyroidism

A 
Iodine deficiency
Developmental
Autoimmune
Radiotherapy, radioiodine therapy
Drugs
36
Q

Thyroid disease - Hyperthyroidism

A

Autoimmune

Toxic adenomas

37
Q

Autoimmune thyroid disorders

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Graves disease

38
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

  • epidemiology
  • cause
  • signs and symptoms
  • risks
A

Middle aged, women
Auto-antibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase
Lymphocyte mediated destruction of thyroid follicles
Initial hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism
Painless enlarged thyroid
Life long thyroxine
Risk of developing other autoimmune disease
Risk for thyroid malignancy

39
Q

Graves disease

A

Production of Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
Anti-TSH receptor antibodies
Elevated T3 and T4. Low TSH
> uniform radio-iodine uptake
Treated with anti-thyroid medications, radio-iodine ablation and surgery

Endocrinology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions