Endocrine Definitions Flashcards
Non-target hormones
Affects many cells in body er. Insulin, adrenaline, h GH
Target hormone
Affects specific body cells
Tropic hormone
Target hormone that stimulates another endearing gland ie ACTH
Gland
Organ which makes and releases stuff
Endocrine gland
Releases into bloodstream
Exocrine hormone
Releases into ducts/openings in surface of body
Water soluble hormones
Protein hormones. Bind to receptors outside of target cell
Fat soluble hormone
Steroid hormone. Diffuses into cue through plasma membrane. Binds to receptors w/i cells
Homeostasis
Maintaining body conditions, fluctuating w/i set limits
Negative feedback
Body maintains set point which when reached causes hormone to turn off control Centre
Positive feedback
No set point: weeps going feedback loop nonstop - aer example: contraction in s childbirth
Pituitary gland
Controlled by hypothalamus. Master gland. Made of anterior and posterior
Made in APG
FSH, LH,hGH, PRL, ACTH, TSH - produces itself
Made in PPG
Oxytocin, ADH - hypothalamus produces
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulus, sensor, CC, effector and actions
When too much solute concentration in blood chemoreceptors in hypothalamus detect it and send a nerve impulse to PPG causing release of ADH. Leads to reabsorption of water into blood so overall blood volume increases: decreased solute concentrations and also decreases urine output
Diabetes insipidus
Lack of ADH which leads to excess urine (8L) ion imbalances, dehydration. Treat by taking synthetic ADH
Human growth hormone (hgh)
Tropic hormone. ↑ cell division + growth especially of bone- cartilage and muscle
Dwarfism
Insufficient human gh in childhood
Gigantism
Excess human gh in childhood
Acromelgy
Excess human gh in adulthood
Treating dwarfism
Ethical issues
BP and glucose correlation
High BP when ↑ glucose in blood. Low BP when ↓ glucose in blood.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Beta cells don’t make insulin
Type 2 diabetes
Beta cells produce insulin but receptors in cells ignore - do not treat by giving insulin
Hyperglycemia
Increase in blood glucose such as in diabetes mellitus when insulin can’t decrease blood levels. Leads to ↑ urine output ↓ blood V und bp. Stress on heart and kidney
Fat breakdown by glucagon
Increase in ketones which ↓ blood pH in large amounts
Hypoglycemia
↓ blood sugar
Islets of langerhans
Alpha cells and beta cells. Released n pancreas
Alpha cells
Release glucagon when blood sugar is too low
Beta cells
Secrete insulin when blood sugar S too high
Insulin
Protein hormone that makes cells more permeable to glucose. Liver converts glucose into glycogen. Main function: decrease blood sugar levels
Glucagon
Raises glucose in blood by converting glycogen into glucose
Other hormones that raise glucose levels
Human growth hormone, thyroxine, adrenaline, cortisol
Adrenal gland
Cortex and medulla
Adrenal cortex
Releases corticoids: long term stress response
Adrenal medulla
Releases epinephrine norepinephrine through nerve signal from hypothalamus: short tem stress response -fight/flight
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Released from APG to stimulate release of corticoids in adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids
Most common is cortisol
Cortisol
9 steroid hormone which’s main function is to ↑ glucose levels in blood by breaking down muscle and fat into glucose and inhibiting glucose uptake by certain cells
Cortisol too long
(Hyper) - impairs thinkings heart damage, high bp, diabetes
Mineralcorticoids
Released by adrenal cortex: most common is aldosterone
Aldosterone
Steroid hormone which adds sodium potassium pump to nephrons which causes reabscrptioh of sodium into blood and secretion of K into urine: increases blood V and BP, decreases urine - kinda like ADH
Addison’s disease
Lack of corticoids:
Cortisol: hypoglycemia, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, weakness
Aldosterone: ↓blood volume - pressure, dehydration, en imbalance. Leads to death if left untreated
Cushing’s syndrome
Oversecretion of corticoids:
Hyperglycemia, fat deposits from excess glucose in body, loss of muscle mass, and other side effects
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