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Physio Test 4 > Endocrine Day 3- Pregnancy and Male reprod. > Flashcards

Endocrine Day 3- Pregnancy and Male reprod. Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to corpus luteum at end of menstural cycle in the absence of pregnancy?

A

CL degenerates and its produciton of progesterone and estraidol falls

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2
Q

What does the placenta produce during the beginning of preganncy?

A

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

  • This “rescues” the CL by acting on LH receptors on CL
  • HCG has same beta subunit to LH and will act on LH receptors on CL
  • CL will continue to produce progesterone until HCG levels fall at 9-12 weeks
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3
Q

Progesterone ____ pregnancy

A

maintains

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4
Q

Why does E/P continue to increase after HCG decreases?

A
  • Placenta starts to make own E/P
    • placenta makes estriol (major estrogen of pregnancy)
  • Progesterone dominant until end of pregnancy
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5
Q

HCG levels are maintained until what week? Why?

A
  • HCG levels maintained until week 9-12
  • once placenta starts making own E/P, then HCG starts to fall
  • Corpus luteum is then no longer maintained
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6
Q

What is the main estrogen of pregnancy?

A

Estriol

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7
Q

What is main estrogen of ovaries?

A

17-beta-estradiol

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8
Q

What is main estrogen of fat tissue?

A

Estrone

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9
Q

What is HCG?

A
  • Secreted by trophoblast 7-9 days after ovulation
  • responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy
  • same structure and function as LH
  • Maintains CL
  • Promotes estrogen and progesterone secretion from CL (CL is important in first 3 months)
  • Stimulates testosterone production by the testes of male fetus
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10
Q

What triggers delivery process?

A
  • Placental CRH stimulates fetal production of ACTH–> DHEA-S produced by fetus–> placenta where aromatase enzyme causes increase in local estrogen/progesterone ratio
  • Increase in local prostaglandin (PGF-2 alpha)
  • Increase in maternal oxytocin
  • increase in maternal catecholamines
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11
Q

What stimulates secretion of labor hormones?

A
  • Stretch receptors in cervix progject infor to anoxal projections in spinal cord
  • cause increase in oxytocin from post pituitary
  • increases prostaglandins from uterine wall
  • causing increase in uterine contractions

oxytocin is major player in uterin contractions

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12
Q

What stimulates synthesis of breast milk?

A

Prolactin

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13
Q

What stimulates milk ejection?

A

Oxytocin

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14
Q

What acts on pre-pubertal femals breast to increase duct growth?

A
  • Estrogen
  • GH
  • Adrenal steroids
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15
Q

What causes mammary gland development during pregnancy?

A
  • Estrogen
    • also acting on ant pituitary lactotrophs to increase enlargement/proliferation in preparation for breast feeding
    • BUT high estrogen and progesterone block breast milk synthesis
  • Progesterone<– main one
    • ​development of lobule-alveolar system
  • prolactin
  • GH
  • adrenal steroids
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16
Q

What allows milk secretion?

A
  • Once E/P levels diminish after delivery of placenta, then prolactin levels are allowed to increase and breast milk can be made
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17
Q

E and P ____ milk production

A

inhibit

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18
Q

____ causes growth of ductile system in breasts

____ causes development of lobular-alveolar system

A

Estrogen; progesterone

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19
Q

What is the funcitonal unit of the milk duct?

A

Alveoli

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20
Q

____ provides tonic inhibition of output of prolactin

A

dopamine

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21
Q

T/F, estrogen increases number and size of lactotrophs

A

true

also makes them more responsive to stimulatory factors

22
Q

What does suckling of breast cause hormonally?

A
  • Suckling of breast causes inhibition of dopamine from hypothalamus
  • inhibiton of dopamine cause increase in prolactin levels to increase milk production
23
Q

What hormonal effects does increased prolatin levels have?

A
  • Increased PRL causes signal to increase dopamine (negative feedback to decrease further PRL output)
  • Signals dopamine neurons to inhibit LHRH secretion
    • this lowers LH/FSH/E/P and causes amenorrhea and state of infertility
  • GnRH (LHRH) receive dopaminergic input from dopamein
    • when dopamine active, inhibits LHRH, gonadotropin, E/P all in arcuate nucleus
24
Q

What is relative response of prolactin levels initially after birth versus months out?

A
  • Immediately after placenta birthed, prolactin levels allowed to increase and will increase rapidly with suckling episode
  • Months later, level of PRL released with suckling decreases
    • this allows LHRH neurons to escape dopamine inhibition and fertility is restored
25
Q

Lenght of release of prolactin after birht is a ____ phenomenon

A

cultural

26
Q

What is sheehan’s syndrome?

A
  • Panhypopituitarism caused by major blood loss during birth
    • major blood loss decreases flow to the ant pituitary
  • Causes
    • failure to lactate because of degnerated lactorophs
    • loss of coritcotrops for ACTH, causes absence of pubic/axillary hair
    • patient is amenorrheic d/t decrease LH/FSH
    • Hypothyroidism
  • Treatment
    • admin end organ hormone (TH, E, P, coritcosteroids)
27
Q

What does inhibin inhibit?

A

FSH

28
Q

The male reproductive tract is a ____ feedback system only

A

negative

29
Q

What is target of LH in the male?

A

Leydig cells

30
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone and some estradiol (both long loop negative feedback to hypothalamus and pit)

31
Q

What is target of FSH?

A

Sertoli cells on seminiferous tubules to produce sperm

32
Q

What 2 hormones work together to increase spematozoa?

A

FSH and Testosterone

33
Q

What cells make inhibin?

A

Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

34
Q

LH/FSH demonstrate what kind of rhythm in males?

A

LH= Circhoral

FSH inhibited by inhibin, so more flat release?

35
Q

What does testosterone inhibit?

A

LH secretion (decreases secretion)

36
Q

What does LH stimulation cause at the Leydig cells? (Cellular process specifically)

A
  • LH binds causes G-protein second messenger to increase cAMP, increase protein kinase–> cholesterol–> testosterone
  • testosterone easily diffuses out of cell because it’s a steroid hormone
37
Q

What can testosterone be converted to in other tissues? What enzyme causes this?

A

Can be converted into DHT by 5 alpha reductase

also can be converted into estrogen by aromatse

38
Q

How is testosterone carried in the blod?

A

mainly bound to proteins

Main 2 types of proteins:

  1. sex-steroid binding globulin
  2. albumin
39
Q

How does testosterone act on various cells in body?

A
  • Testosterone can diffuse into cell direcrtly and act to enlarge penile tissues and skeletal muscle
  • Testosterone can be converted to DHT inside cells with 5-alpha reductase
    • can cause prostate growth and hair loss
  • Testosterone can also be converted to estrogen via aromatization
    • fat cells in breast, brain have aromatase and can convert testosterone to estrogen
40
Q

What comprises inhibin?

A

alpha, beta subunits

41
Q

What comprises activin?

A
  • Two beta subunits
  • Activin sitmulates FSH secretion
42
Q

What are major actions of testosterone?

A
  • Fetal devleopment of
    • epididymis
    • vas deference
    • seminal vesicles
  • Pubertal growth of
    • penis
    • seminal vesicles
    • musculature
    • skeleton
    • larynx
  • spermatogensis
43
Q

What is major action of DHT?

A
  • Fetal development of
    • penis
    • penile urethra
    • scrotum
    • prostate
  • pubertal growth of
    • scortum
    • prostate
    • sexual hair
    • sebaceous glands
  • prostatic secretion
44
Q

What is relative secretion of testosterone through lifespan?

A
  • Peak in fetal T due to HCG and temporary fetal hypothalmus LHRH activation
  • 2nd T peak necessary to stimulate testicular descent into scrotum
  • decrease levels during childhood d/t increase GABA and decrase glutamate
  • sharp rise in puberty–> adulthood
  • decrease in adulthood d/t decrease tesosterone output by testes
    • still adequate to produce sperm
45
Q

What does early testosterone due to male fetus brain?

A

Lead to organize the brain into a “male” brian

Believed testosterone plays role in gender ID/preference

46
Q

What is Kallmann syndrome? Symptoms? Treatments?

A
  • Under virilization of male d/e failure of LHRH neurons to migrate from embylogical olfactory tissue into proper hypothalamic location
  • lakc of adequate LH, FSH, testosterone production
    • cannot produce sperm
  • Symptoms
    • decrease chest mass
    • milk toast personlity
    • patient will lack sense of smell as well (olfactory tissues not working correctly)
  • Treatment
    • testosterone
47
Q

What can be used to treat precocious puberty in male/females?

A

LHRH super agonist

48
Q

What is androgen insensntivity?

A
  • Patient has XY genotype but does not have functional androgen receptors
    • therefore, lack of virilization
  • Symptoms:
    • breast development
    • less body hair
    • increased fat deposition in hips/thighs
    • mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH) produced by presnce of Y chromosome causes elimination of development of internal female structure.
      • blind-ending vaginal pouch
    • tend to be taller because testosterone doesn’t close epiphyseal plates
  • Treatmnet
    • generally remove testes and then have to go on testosterone replacement
    • can live as women if they want
49
Q

What does HCG bind to in male fetus?

What does it stimulate?

What role does this substance have?

A
  • HCG binds to leydig cells in male fetus (because HCG is like LH)
  • Stimulates testosterone production in male fetus
    • thought to play role in gender identification
50
Q

What is secreted because of a Y genotype? What does it do?

A

Mullerian Inhibitng Hormone

  • Inhibits production of female intrauterine organs

Physio Test 4 (11 decks)

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