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MD2- Endocrinology Block > Endocrine Control Overview > Flashcards

Endocrine Control Overview Flashcards

1
Q

A hormone is a blood-borne chemical mediator that is released from ….. glands that acts on distance target cells

A

endocrine

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2
Q

hormones have …..(one/multiple)…targets and functions

A

multiple

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3
Q

rate of secretion of some hormones varies over time, following a ….. pattern

A

cyclical

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4
Q

…. signals act on the same cell that secreted them.

…. signals are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells.

A

Autocrine

Paracrine

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5
Q

hydrophobic hormones tend to be lipid …..

lipophilic hormones tend to be hydro….

A

lipophilic

hydrophobic

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6
Q

….. are chemicals released by neurons into blood for action at distance targets

A

neurohormones (neurocrines)

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7
Q

3 major groups/source glands of neurocrines?

A

1, anterior and 2. posterior pituitary of hypothalamus

3. catecholamines (made by modified adrenal medulla neurons)

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8
Q

…. hormones are those that cause the stimulation of another downstream hormone.

A

Tropic.

(also tends to have names that end in -tropin,
ie thyrotropin, corticotropin, ACTH)

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9
Q

… hormones tend to stimulate growth and development

A

Trophic

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10
Q

The …… pathway involves a stimulus acting on a sensory neuron receptor, releasing neurotransmitter on a CNS integrating centre, then ….. neuron releasing NT on a target cell, eliciting a response.

A

Simple neural reflex.

Efferent.

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11
Q

The Neurohormone reflex pathway involves a stimulus acting on a sensory neuron receptor, releasing NT on a CNS integrating centre, then efferent neuron release ……. into the …… where it effects target cell(s), eliciting a response.

A

Neurohormone.

Blood stream/circulation/systemically/blood vessel.

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12
Q

The …… pathway involves a stimulus acting on a sensory neuron receptor, releasing NT onto a CNS integrating centre, then release NT or NH (neurohormone) onto a set or series of endocrine cell(s) and blood vessel(s), causing release of classic hormone onto a target cell, eliciting a response.

A

neuroendocrine reflex pathway.

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13
Q

The ….. pathway involves a stimulus on to an endocrine cell, causing release of hormone in the blood stream, effecting a target cell, eliciting a response.

A

simple endocrine reflex

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14
Q

Peptide hormones are made in advance, stored in [……..], released from parent cell via [….cytosis], transported in blood by [……..], exhibit [hydro…] and [lipo…] properties, have a [short/long] half life, and have receptors located on [….].

A

secretory vesicles.

exocytosis.

being dissolved in plasma

hydrophilic, lipophobic

Short.

cell membranes.

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15
Q

Steroid hormones are made on demand from precursors, released from parent cell via [……], exhibit [lipo…] and [hydro…] properties, transported in blood by [….], [short/long] half-life, with receptors located on […., ……., and…..]

A

Simple diffusion.

Lipophilic and Hydrophobic

Carrier proteins.

Long.

Cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane.

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16
Q

Compare & contrast the amine subtypes: catecholamines vs thyroid hormones

A

Both made in advance and stored in secretory vesicles.

Catecholamines:

  • Short half life
  • Cell membrane receptor
  • activate second messenger systems
  • released via exociytosis
  • hydrophilic (lipophobic)
  • modify existing proteins

Thyroid:

  • long half life
  • nucleus receptor
  • activate genes
  • hydrophobic (lipophilic)
  • induce new proteins synthesis
17
Q

[…..] is the parent compound for all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

18
Q

[…..] is the parent compound for amine hormones

A

tyrosine

19
Q

Both peptides and catecholamines bind to a [….] receptor and generate a [….. …..] signal

A

surface

second-messenger

20
Q

Both [….] and [….] hormones bind nuclear or cytoplasmic receptors, causing altered gene expression and production of new proteins

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

21
Q

the plasma concentration of free, biologically active hormones which can interact with its target cells to produce a physiologic response depends on what 4 factors?

A
  1. rate of secretion by endocrine gland major factor*
  2. rate of metabolic activation (some hormones)
  3. extend of binding to lipophilic hormones (lipid hormones)
  4. rate of metabolic inactivation and excretion
22
Q

steroid hormones are removed via the process of [….] and excreted in the [….]

A

conjugation

urine (and bile)

23
Q

peptide hormones are removed via the process of [….]

A

receptor mediated endocytosis (recycled)

24
Q

[….] regulation described a hormonal regulation where a first hormone cannot exert effect without the presence of a second hormone

A

permissive regulation.

ex. cortisol and adrenaline

25
Q

insulin and glucagon are the classic example of […] type regulation

A

antagonistc

26
Q

a [….] hyposecretion/hypersecretion endocrine disorder describes a disease where the root cause is an abnormal gland.

A

primary

27
Q

a {….] hypo or hypersecretion endocrine disorder involves a normal gland, but abnormal tropic hormone or excessive stimulation of the gland.

A

secondary

28
Q

secondary hyper-secretion in the hypothalamus would result in [increased/decreased] CRH; [increased/decreased] ACTH, and [increased/decreased] cortisol. potentially due to a failure of [….] feedback from the adrenal cortex.

A

increased x 3

negative

29
Q

Secondary hypersecretion due to a pituitary problem would results in [increased/decreased] CRH, [increased/decreased] ACTH, [increased/decreased] cortisol

A

decreased,
increased,
increased.

adrenal cortex would feedback inhibit the hypothalamus but the pituitary would not respond to the same feedback inhibition.

30
Q

Secondary hypersecretion due to a adrenal cortex problem would results in [increased/decreased] CRH, [increased/decreased] ACTH, [increased/decreased] cortisol

A

decreased CRH

decreased ACTH

increased cortisol.

Cortisol would still feedback inhibit H and P.

MD2- Endocrinology Block (14 decks)

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