Endocrine basics

Question 1

Second messenger

Answer 1

An INTRACELLULAR chemical signaller (e.g. Ca, cAMP)

Question 2

cAMP

Answer 2

2 phosphates removed from ATP
A second messenger
Activates protein kinase

Question 3

Adenylate cyclase

Answer 3

An effector protein (needs a G-protein to activate it)

Effects production of cAMP from ATP

Question 4

Protein kinase

Answer 4

Protein kinase activates enzymes by phosphorylating them

kinases phosphorylate

Question 5

Calmodulin

Answer 5

A regulatory protein within a cell
Ca binds to it to activate it
In active form, it activates protein kinases

Question 6

Plasma binding proteins

Answer 6

What steroid and thyroid hormones bind to in the circulation

Prevents loss of hormones in kidneys during filtration

Question 7

Slow acting hormones

Answer 7

Thyroid hormones (amines), calcitriol, steroid hormones

Question 8

Fast acting hormones

Answer 8

Peptide hormones, catecholamines

Question 9

Glycolysis

Answer 9

Breakdown of glucose/glycogen into pyruvate (first step in energy release, makes 2 net ATP, only uses a small fraction of energy available in glucose)

Question 10

Anaerobic metabolism

Answer 10

Glycolysis in the absence of oxygen (makes 2 net ATP)

Question 11

Aerobic metabolism

Answer 11

Glycolysis