endocrine and metabolic systems 2 Flashcards
the largest endocrine organ in the body
adipose tissue
which proteins are released by adipocytes after being induced by neurotransmitters and glucose?
adipokines (adipocytokines)
adipokines act locally as _____ hormones through the bloodstream as endocrine hormones?
adipokines
act locally as autocrine
what is the main FUNCTION of the adipokines?
maintain the balance of energy by regulating appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and lipid uptake
what specialized tissue is important for thermoregulation, converting energy from food into heat?
brown fat
when does the amount of brown fat decrease?
adulthood
what is the classic adipose tissue responsible for storage of triglycerols to provide a long term reservoir
white fat
white fat is involved in ____ and ______ complications, as well as ______ and immune related disorders
cardiovascular and metabolic
inflammatory
atherosclerosis and T2DM
metabolic complications
osteoarthritis
inflammatory related disorder
rheumatoid arthritis
immune related disorder
which fat accumulates in the lower body and results in a pear shaped figure?
subcutanous fat
which fat accumulates in the abdominal area and produces more of an apple shape?
visceral fat
visceral fat produces _____ that increase the risk of _____ by promoting ______ resistance and low-level chronic ________
cytokines
CVD
inflammation
what are stronger predictors than BMI?
waist circumference and waist to height ratios
what is a useful screening tool across cultures?
“keep your waist circumference to less than half your height”
what has been linked to serious health consequences such as CVD, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus?
central obesity
what is a multifactorial disease with complex interactions between lifestyle, environment, and genetics?
obesity
what is a communicable disease because it is a socially contagious feature of globalization?
obesity
what is the branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity?
bariatrics
BMI for underweight
<18.5
normal range for BMI
18.5-24.9
overweight for BMI
25-29.9
obese BMI
> or equal to 30
obese class I for BMI
30-34.9
obese class II
35-39.9
obese class III
> or equal to 40
obesity is an imbalance between energy _____ and energy ______, with more than energy _____ than it is _______.
intake
expenditure
consumed
expended
what are the three genes linked to obesity?
neuropeptide Y
the Beacon gene
ob gene
what does the Npy and beacon gene produce?
a protein that stimulates appetite
what does the ob gene produce?
leptin that switches off the appetite
what hormonal dysfunction does obesity affect?
the HPA axis
what CNS mediated neuroendocrine dysfunction does obesity affect?
hormonal and neuropeptide signaling pathways
what energy regulation does obesity affect?
sodium and potassium/ adenosine triphosphsatase pump
an altered level of bacterial intestinal microbes
gut microflora
T/F: adenovirus-36 is a viral infection (infectoobesity)
true
overconsumption effects in adults can be addressed with just ____ min more walking per day.
3
islets constitute __% - __% of pancreas
1-2
what produce and secrete insulin?
beta cells
what regulates blood glucose?
insulin
what results in diabetes?
impaired beta cell function
type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus affects what organ and be specific?
pancreas (islets of langerhans)
what is a chronic systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disruption of the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins?
diabetes mellitus
insulin dependent or juvenile onset
type 1 DM
non-insulin dependent or adult onset DM
type 2 DM
which type of DM results with the body not being able to MAKE enough insulin?
type 1
in adults, type 1 diabetes accounts for ___% - ___% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes?
5-10
just over _____ youth diagnosed each year in 2014 and 2015 with type 1.
18,000
which type of DM results to the body not being able to USE insulin properly?
type 2
which type of DM can develop at any age?
both type 1 and type 2
is there a way to prevent type 1?
no
is there a way to prevent type 2?
yes
in adults, type 2 accounts for ___ -___% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes
90-95
nearly _____ youth diagnosed each year with type 2 DM in 2014-2015
6000
which type of diabetes is ketosis prone?
type 1
which type is not ketosis prone?
type 2
which type of diabetes is usually <20 years old at onset?
type 1
which type of diabetes is usually >40 years old at onset?
type 2
what type of onset is DM 1?
abrupt
what type of onset is DM2?
gradual
which type of DM can be possibly viral/autoimmune, resulting in destruction of islet cells?
type 1
which type of DM has HLA association and insulin antibodies?
type 1
what is the treatment for type 1?
insulin
diet
exercise
what is the treatment for type 2?
diet
oral hypoglycemic agents
exercise insulin
weight control
autoimmune type of diabetes that begins in middle to late adulthood
latent autoimmune diabetes
what is diabesity? and it is considered an _______ _______ condition…
obesity-dependent diabetes in childhood
inflammatory metabolic
any degree of glucose intolerance recognized with the onset of pregnancy
gestational DMw
what weeks is gestational DM detected?
24-28 weeks
gestational DM accompanies approximately ___% of all pregnancies
8
gestational DM is most evident among women who are _____ and _______.
overweight and sedentary
true or false: most women who have gestational DM return to normal glucose metabolism after pregnancy
true
true or false: type 2 DM occurs LESS frequently in women with prior gestational DM
false
more frequently
occurs when the body cannot utilize glucose the way it should
prediabetes
what is decreased insulin sensitivity?
the body cells do not recognize all of the insulin
what is increased insulin resistance?
the cells stop responding to the action of insulin
a measure of the % of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin and is indicative of a person’s average blood sugar level for the previous 3 months
hemoglobin A1C
what benefit would measuring HbA1C for the patient and health care providers?
it gives them a good idea of how well the diabetes treatment plan is working
according to the UK prospective, a 1% reduction of the A1c level reduces the risk of _____ by 25% and _____ by 14% or more
microvascular complications (retinopathy and nephropathy)
heart attack
which groups collectively account for 23% of the US population that are at a higher risk for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes?
hispanic and non-hispanic
what is the BMI range for asian heritage? and what is it generally for other groups?
23 or more
25 or more
approximately ___ million people or ___% of the adult population have diagnosed diabetes.
2.7 or 12.4%
there are ____ people or ___% of the adult population, who have prediabetes.
7.1 or 34
what is caused by cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of B cells of the pancreas and usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency?
T1D (type 1 diabetes)
which type of diabetes need to check blood glucose frequently and receive multiple insulin injections a day?
type 1
which type is adult-onset or non-insulin dependent?
type 2
which type accounts for 90-95% of diabetes in the US?
type 2
the risk of developing T2D increases with _____ , ______, and ____ lifestyle
age
obesity > 80%
sedentary lifestyle
insulin resistance —> (?) —> decrease B cells mass
B cells stress
