Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm Exam II > Endocrine and Bone Mineral Density Drugs > Flashcards

Endocrine and Bone Mineral Density Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Helps to maintain internal homeostasis through the use of endogenous chemicals called hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

A rise in one hormone level causes an increase in other hormone levels

Examples: during menstruation, increased levels of estrogen stimulate the release of hormones from the pituitary and the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

An increase in a specific hormone inhibits its own further release preventing the amount of that hormone from becoming excessive

**this becomes a problem when giving hormones therapeutically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three hormone receptor location sites?

A
  1. surface of plasma membrane
  2. with the cytosol
  3. on the chromatin in the cell nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinical uses of endocrine drugs

A
  1. Replacement therapy: when a hormone is deficient or absent
  2. Diagnosis of endocrine disorder: hormones are given to determine if endocrine function is excessive or deficient
  3. Exploitation of beneficial effects: hormones given to exaggerate their benefits
  4. Alter normal endocrine function: can affect the normal release of hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 steroids and adrenal cortex produces?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids: decreases inflammation and suppresses the immune system (cortisol and corticosterone)
  2. Mineralcorticoids: maintains fluid and electrolyte balances in the body (aldosterone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The 2 clinical uses of glucocorticoids

A
  1. Evaluate and treat endocrine disorders
  2. Help resolve symptoms of various neuroendocrine problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are glucocorticoids used for?

A

-restore normal function in conditions of adrenal hypofunction (Addison disease)
-after removal of adrenal glands or pituitary gland b/s of disease of tumors
-RA
-managing systemic inflammation from MSK injuries
-treats severe acute inflammation
-control inflammation or suppress the immune system for short periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adverse effects of glucocorticoids

A

-cause adrenocortical suppression (negative feedback loop)
-drug induced cushing syndrome
-breakdown of tissues
-loss of bone strength
-peptic ulcers
-slow growth in children
-glaucoma and cataracts
-HTN
-glucose metabolism alteration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main mineralcorticoid?

A

Aldosterone- involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body by working on the kidneys to increase sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is aldosterone release in our bodies?

A

When levels of angiotensin II increases- angiotensin II maintains BP by vasoconstricting the peripheral blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What could happen when aldosterone is increased?

A

can promote renal sodium and water retention which leads to HTN and heart failure

**aldosterone antagonist drugs help to control these effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do Aldosterone antagonist drugs treat?

A

-HTN
-CHF
-Metabolic syndrome

**they bind to the receptors but do not activate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the clinical use of Aldosterone?

A

Replacement therapy when the body’s natural production is impaired

**Addison’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adverse effects of mineralocorticoids

A

-HTN
-edema
-weight gain
-hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which drugs are classified as potassium sparing diuretics?

A

Mineralcorticoids because they increase sodium and water excretion without increasing potassium excretion

17
Q

Which metabolic bone diseases can alter blood calcium levels?

A

-OP
-Rickets
-Osteomalacia
-Pagets Disease

18
Q

Why do patients take calcium supplements?

A

To ensure there is enough calcium available for the body’s physiological needs- bone formation

19
Q

Calcium supplements are used to prevent bone loss in which diseases?

A

-OP
-Rickets
-Osteomalacia
-hypoparathyroidism

20
Q

What is the maximum tolerated level of calcium per day?

A

2500 mg/day- a supplement should be the difference between the recommended amount and how much calcium patient gets in their diet

21
Q

Supplements about _____ mg/day do not provide any additional benefits and can increase the risk of arterial calcification and cardiovascular disease

A

1000 mg/day

22
Q

Adverse effects of calcium supplements

A

-hypercalcemia: constipation, drowsiness, fatigue, HA
-severe hypercalcemia: confusion, irritability, cardiac arrhythmias, HTN, nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, pain in muscles and bones

23
Q

Purpose of Vitamin D

A

helps to increase intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

**too much can lead to toxicity

24
Q

Purpose of Bisphosphonates

A

To inhibit osteoclast activity, promotes bone mineralization, inhibit abnormal bone formation (HO), prevent bone pain, prevents bone loss

25
Q

What is the primary treatment for OP?

A

Bisphosphonates- increases bone mineral density and reduces the risk of fractures

26
Q

Adverse effects of bisphosphonates

A

-death of bone tissue in jaw
-spontaneous hip fractures
-GI disturbances
-acid reflux and irritation in the esophagus

27
Q

What is calcitonin used for?

A

To prevent bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures

**not as effective as bisphosphonates

28
Q

What is critical in maintaining adequate bone mineralization in women?

A

Estrogen- giving women estrogen treat will increase bone mineral content and decrease risk of fractures

29
Q

What used to be the “mainstay” treatment for postmenopausal women with OP?

A

Estrogen therapy- not the mainstay anymore due to risks of cancer and cardiovascular disease

30
Q

What has been developed as an alternative to estrogen for treating postmenopausal OP?

A

Estrogen-like compounds- activate receptors on bone while blocking them on breast and uterine tissues

**beneficial for those at risk for cancer

31
Q

What is used for patients who are at high risk for fractures?

A

Teriparatide- stabilizes bone turnover and helps form new bone

32
Q

How can PTs enhance the effects of bone-mineralizing drugs?

A

instruct patients in weigh-bearing and resistance exercises to stimulate bone formation

Pharm Exam II (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions