Endocrine Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

Gland

Answer 1

Group of cells that works together to produce and secrete: hormones, enzymes, and other bodily components

Question 2

Exocrine gland

Answer 2

WITH ducts (sebaceous and sudoriferous)

Question 3

Endocrine gland

Answer 3

WITHOUT ducts - secretes directly into the blood stream to reach the target organs

Question 4

Affects metabolism, growth development, reproduction, temperature, fluid balance, and emotional response

Answer 4

Endocrine gland

Question 5

Hormones

Answer 5

Chemical messenger that travels through the bloodstream to their target organ

Question 6

Actions of Hormones

Answer 6

Increase or decrease a normal body process by affecting the target organ, which can also affect the action of other hormones significantly

Question 7

Metabolic changes

Answer 7

Occur in response to the actions of hormones

Question 8

Negative feedback

Answer 8

When a gland one releases a hormone, which stimulates target cells to release a second hormone, gland one slows the release of hormones as it senses the second hormone rising

Question 9

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Answer 9

Called the master gland, uses negative feedback to control other endocrine glands

Question 10

Pituitary gland

Answer 10

Works with hypothalamus and is located at a small depression in the sphenoid bone

Question 11

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Answer 11

Secretes 6 major hormones

Question 12

6 major hormones of the adenohypophysis

Answer 12

1. Somatotropin [Growth hormone (GH)]
2. Adenocorticotropic hormone (ADH)
3. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
   4 and 5. Gonadotropic hormones - [Luteinizing hormone (LH) and
   Growth hormone (GH)]
4. Prolactin (Causes mammary gland to produce milk)

Question 13

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

Answer 13

Releases 2 hormones with stimulation from hypothalamus

Question 14

Hormones secreted by Neurohypophysis

Answer 14

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 15

Oxytocin

Answer 15

Promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contraction during labor

Question 16

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 16

a.k.a. Vasopressin

Decrease the amount of urine produce, also helps raise blood pressure

Question 17

Thyroid

Answer 17

Butterfly shape, just below the larynx, connected by isthmus

Question 18

Characteristics of thyroid gland

Answer 18

Highly vascularized, secretes T3 and T4 hormones, needs IODINE for hormone production

Question 19

Tropic hormones

Answer 19

Responsible for stimulating OTHER glands

Question 20

T3 and T4 hormones regulates:

Answer 20

Growth and Development
Metabolism
Activity of nervous system

Question 21

Thyroid hormones

Answer 21

T3, T4, and Calcitonin

Question 22

Calcitonin

Answer 22

Decrease blood calcium levels by storing calcium in bones

Question 23

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 23

4 pieces, located at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secretes PTH

Question 24

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH or parathormone)

Answer 24

Helps increase serum calcium levels, and regulates the amount of phosphorus

Question 25

Hypocalcemia

Answer 25

Can cause spasms due to overstimulation of muscles

Question 26

Hypercalcemia

Answer 26

Can cause impaired cardiac function, can also lead to death.

Question 27

Changes in the kidneys caused by PTH

Answer 27

Increase Ca and Mg reabsorption from kidney tubules and accelerates the elimination of P in the urine

Question 28

Adrenal glands (suprarenal gland)

Answer 28

Small, yellow masses that lie on the top of the kidneys

Question 29

Two parts of adrenal glands

Answer 29

Cortex and Medulla

Question 30

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 30

Has 3 separate layers: Zona Glumerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, and Zona Reticulares

Question 31

MIneralocorticoids

Answer 31

secreted by the outer zone (zona glomerulosa)

Question 32

MIneralocorticoids

Answer 32

Helps with water and electrolyte homeostasis and indirectly manage blood pressure

Question 33

Aldosterone

Answer 33

Principal mineralocorticoid, helps decrease potassium levels and increase sodium

Question 34

Sodium retention

Answer 34

Leads to water retention increasing blood volume and therefore increasing blood pressure (WHERE SALT GOES, WATER FOLLOWS)

Question 35

Glucocorticoids

Answer 35

Secreted by the middle zone (Zona Fasciculata)

Question 36

Cortisol

Answer 36

Helps with glucose metabolism and provides extra reserve energy Also acts as an anti-inflammatory

Question 37

Sex hormones

Answer 37

Secreted by the inner zone (Zona reticularis) Androgens for MALE Estrogens for FEMALE

Question 38

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 38

Same as cells of sympathetic nervous system

Question 39

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 39

Two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla during times of stress

Question 40

Preparation for "fight or flight" induced by epinephrine/norepinphrine

Answer 40

- HR and BP increase - Vessels constrict - Liver releases glucose reserved

Question 41

Pancreas

Answer 41

Has BOTH endocrine and exocrine properties, located at the posterior of the stomach

Question 42

Endocrine properties of pancreas

Answer 42

Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells and beta cells)

Question 43

Two major hormone secreted by islets of Langerhans

Answer 43

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 44

Insulin

Answer 44

Secreted by beta cells, in response to elevated serum glucose level

Question 45

Glucagon

Answer 45

Secreted by alpha cells in response to decreased serum glocuse level

Question 46

Major role of insulin and glucagon

Answer 46

Carbohydrates, Fat, and Protein metabolism

Question 47

Female Sex Glands

Answer 47

Ovaries and Placenta

Question 48

Ovaries

Answer 48

Located on the right and left side of the uterus, produce two hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Question 49

Estrogen

Answer 49

Producing female secondary sex characteristics (pubic hair, maturation of reproductive organ)

Question 50

Progesterone

Answer 50

Prepares the reproductive organs which started by estrogen

Question 51

Placenta

Answer 51

Temporary endocrine gland during pregnancy Replaces estrogen and progesterone secretion during pregnancy

Question 52

Male Sex Organs

Answer 52

Testes

Question 53

Testes

Answer 53

Located outside the body, contained in the scrotum and secretes testosterone

Question 54

Testosterone

Answer 54

Development of male secondary sex characteristics (pubic, facial, axillary hair, deepening of voice, maturation of reproductive organs, development of muscle and bone mass) Also necessary for sperm production

Question 55

Thymus Gland

Answer 55

Located posterior to the sternum and secretes thymosin, which helps with immune system

Question 56

T Lymphocytes

Answer 56

Carry out immune reactions to antigens, thymus gland programs the information in utero and the first few months of life

Question 57

Pineal Gland

Answer 57

Small cone shaped gland on the roof of the third ventricle

Question 58

Hormone secreted of the pineal gland

Answer 58

Melatonin

Question 59

Melatonin

Answer 59

Inhibits reproductive activated by inhibiting gonadotropic hormones, which prevents children from maturing until puberty Induce sleep Affect mood Impact menstrual cycles