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Endocrine System > Endocrine Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gland

A

Group of cells that works together to produce and secrete: hormones, enzymes, and other bodily components

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2
Q

Exocrine gland

A

WITH ducts (sebaceous and sudoriferous)

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3
Q

Endocrine gland

A

WITHOUT ducts - secretes directly into the blood stream to reach the target organs

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4
Q

Affects metabolism, growth development, reproduction, temperature, fluid balance, and emotional response

A

Endocrine gland

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5
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messenger that travels through the bloodstream to their target organ

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6
Q

Actions of Hormones

A

Increase or decrease a normal body process by affecting the target organ, which can also affect the action of other hormones significantly

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7
Q

Metabolic changes

A

Occur in response to the actions of hormones

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8
Q

Negative feedback

A

When a gland one releases a hormone, which stimulates target cells to release a second hormone, gland one slows the release of hormones as it senses the second hormone rising

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9
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

Called the master gland, uses negative feedback to control other endocrine glands

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10
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Works with hypothalamus and is located at a small depression in the sphenoid bone

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

A

Secretes 6 major hormones

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12
Q

6 major hormones of the adenohypophysis

A
  1. Somatotropin [Growth hormone (GH)]
  2. Adenocorticotropic hormone (ADH)
  3. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
    4 and 5. Gonadotropic hormones - [Luteinizing hormone (LH) and
    Growth hormone (GH)]
  4. Prolactin (Causes mammary gland to produce milk)
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13
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

A

Releases 2 hormones with stimulation from hypothalamus

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14
Q

Hormones secreted by Neurohypophysis

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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15
Q

Oxytocin

A

Promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contraction during labor

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16
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

a.k.a. Vasopressin

Decrease the amount of urine produce, also helps raise blood pressure

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17
Q

Thyroid

A

Butterfly shape, just below the larynx, connected by isthmus

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18
Q

Characteristics of thyroid gland

A

Highly vascularized, secretes T3 and T4 hormones, needs IODINE for hormone production

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19
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Responsible for stimulating OTHER glands

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20
Q

T3 and T4 hormones regulates:

A

Growth and Development
Metabolism
Activity of nervous system

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21
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3, T4, and Calcitonin

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22
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decrease blood calcium levels by storing calcium in bones

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23
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

4 pieces, located at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secretes PTH

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24
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH or parathormone)

A

Helps increase serum calcium levels, and regulates the amount of phosphorus

25
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Can cause spasms due to overstimulation of muscles

26
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Can cause impaired cardiac function, can also lead to death.

27
Q

Changes in the kidneys caused by PTH

A

Increase Ca and Mg reabsorption from kidney tubules and accelerates the elimination of P in the urine

28
Q

Adrenal glands (suprarenal gland)

A

Small, yellow masses that lie on the top of the kidneys

29
Q

Two parts of adrenal glands

A

Cortex and Medulla

30
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Has 3 separate layers: Zona Glumerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, and Zona Reticulares

31
Q

MIneralocorticoids

A

secreted by the outer zone (zona glomerulosa)

32
Q

MIneralocorticoids

A

Helps with water and electrolyte homeostasis and indirectly manage blood pressure

33
Q

Aldosterone

A

Principal mineralocorticoid, helps decrease potassium levels and increase sodium

34
Q

Sodium retention

A

Leads to water retention increasing blood volume and therefore increasing blood pressure (WHERE SALT GOES, WATER FOLLOWS)

35
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Secreted by the middle zone (Zona Fasciculata)

36
Q

Cortisol

A

Helps with glucose metabolism and provides extra reserve energy

Also acts as an anti-inflammatory

37
Q

Sex hormones

A

Secreted by the inner zone (Zona reticularis)

Androgens for MALE
Estrogens for FEMALE

38
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Same as cells of sympathetic nervous system

39
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla during times of stress

40
Q

Preparation for “fight or flight” induced by epinephrine/norepinphrine

A
  • HR and BP increase
  • Vessels constrict
  • Liver releases glucose reserved
41
Q

Pancreas

A

Has BOTH endocrine and exocrine properties, located at the posterior of the stomach

42
Q

Endocrine properties of pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells and beta cells)

43
Q

Two major hormone secreted by islets of Langerhans

A

Insulin and Glucagon

44
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by beta cells, in response to elevated serum glucose level

45
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by alpha cells in response to decreased serum glocuse level

46
Q

Major role of insulin and glucagon

A

Carbohydrates, Fat, and Protein metabolism

47
Q

Female Sex Glands

A

Ovaries and Placenta

48
Q

Ovaries

A

Located on the right and left side of the uterus, produce two hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

49
Q

Estrogen

A

Producing female secondary sex characteristics (pubic hair, maturation of reproductive organ)

50
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares the reproductive organs which started by estrogen

51
Q

Placenta

A

Temporary endocrine gland during pregnancy

Replaces estrogen and progesterone secretion during pregnancy

52
Q

Male Sex Organs

A

Testes

53
Q

Testes

A

Located outside the body, contained in the scrotum and secretes testosterone

54
Q

Testosterone

A

Development of male secondary sex characteristics (pubic, facial, axillary hair, deepening of voice, maturation of reproductive organs, development of muscle and bone mass)

Also necessary for sperm production

55
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Located posterior to the sternum and secretes thymosin, which helps with immune system

56
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Carry out immune reactions to antigens, thymus gland programs the information in utero and the first few months of life

57
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Small cone shaped gland on the roof of the third ventricle

58
Q

Hormone secreted of the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

59
Q

Melatonin

A

Inhibits reproductive activated by inhibiting gonadotropic hormones, which prevents children from maturing until puberty

Induce sleep

Affect mood

Impact menstrual cycles

Endocrine System (2 decks)

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