ENDOCRINE- Anatomy and Embryology

Question 1

How is the Thyroid embriologic development?

Answer 1

Thyroid divericulum arises from floor of the primitive pharynx, and descends into neck

Question 2

In thyroid development, it is connected to this structure…

Answer 2

Conected to tongue by thyroglossal duct, which normally disapears

Question 3

If thyroid persists connected to tongue by thyroglossal duct, what structure does it forms?

Answer 3

Normally disapears but may persist as pyramidal lobe of Thyroid

Question 4

Normal remnant of thyroglossal duct

Answer 4

Foramen cecum

Question 5

Most common thyroid tissue site of thyroid

Answer 5

Tongue

Question 6

How is thyroglossal duct cyst presented?

Answer 6

As an anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue

Question 7

Which diagnosis has to be in mind against Thyroglossal duct cyst?

Answer 7

vs Persistent cervical sinus leading to branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck

Question 8

From where is Adrenal cortex derived?

Answer 8

From Mesoderm

Question 9

From where is Adrenal medulla derived?

Answer 9

Neural crest

Question 10

Zones found in Adrenal cortex (in order)

Answer 10

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasiculata
Zona Reticularis

Question 11

Primary regulatory control of Zona Glomerulosa

Answer 11

Renin- Angiotensin

Question 12

Which is the secretory product of Zona Glomerulosa?

Answer 12

Aldosterone

Question 13

Who are the primary regulatory control of Zona Fasiculata?

Answer 13

ACTH, CRH

Question 14

Cortisol and sex hormones are the main secretory products of this Adrenal cortex zone

Answer 14

Zona Fasiculata

Question 15

Who is the primary regulatory controler of Zona Reticularis?

Answer 15

ACTH, CRH

Question 16

Secretory products of Zona Reticularis

Answer 16

Sex hormones (eg. andrones)

Question 17

Cells found in Adrenal Medulla

Answer 17

Chromaffin cells

Question 18

Primary regulatory controlers of Adrenal Medulla

Answer 18

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 19

Secretory products of Adrenal Medulla

Answer 19

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Question 20

Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults

Answer 20

Pheochromocytoma

Question 21

Clinical presentation of Pheochromocytoma

Answer 21

Episodic hypertension

Question 22

Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children

Answer 22

Neuroblastoma

Question 23

How often does Neuroblastoma produces hypertension?

Answer 23

Rarely

Question 24

Left adrenal gland drainage

Answer 24

Left adrenal gland→ Left adrenal vein → left renal vein → IVC

Question 25

Right adrenal gland drainage

Answer 25

Right adrenal gland→ Right adrenal vein → IVC

Question 26

Which structures have the same drainage as Adrenal glands?

Answer 26

Gonadal veins

Question 27

How else is posterior pituitary gland known?

Answer 27

Neurohypophysis

Question 28

What does the Neurohypophysis secretes?

Answer 28

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, or ADH) | Oxytocin

Question 29

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin produce? What happens after they are produced?

Answer 29

Made in the hypothalamus and shipped to posterior pituitary via neurophysins

Question 30

What are the neurophysins?

Answer 30

Carrier porteins

Question 31

From where does Neurohypophysis derive?

Answer 31

From neuroectoderm

Question 32

Proper name for Anterior pituitary

Answer 32

Adenohypophysis

Question 33

What does Adenohypophysis secretes?

Answer 33

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH, melanotropin (MSH)

Question 34

From where does Adenohypophysis derive?

Answer 34

From oral ectoderm (Rathke pounch)

Question 35

α subunit is common to these Adenohypophysis secretions

Answer 35

TSH, LH, FSH and hCG

Question 36

What does β subunit determines in Adenohypophysis?

Answer 36

Hormone specificity

Question 37

Which Adenohypophysis secretions are acidophil cells?

Answer 37

GH, prolactin

Question 38

Which Adenohypophysis secretions are basophil cells?

Answer 38

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 39

Where are Islets of Langerhans found?

Answer 39

Endocrine pancreas

Question 40

What cells are found in Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 40

α, β, δ cells

Question 41

What do α cells of pancreas produce?

Answer 41

Glucagon

Question 42

Where are α cells of Islets of Langerhans found?

Answer 42

Peripheral

Question 43

What do β cells of pancreas produce?

Answer 43

Insulin

Question 44

Where are β cells of Islets of Langerhans found?

Answer 44

Central

Question 45

What do δ cells of pancreas produce?

Answer 45

Somatostatin

Question 46

Where are δ cells of Islets of Langerhans found?

Answer 46

Interspersed