endocrine anatomy

Question 1

where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 1

beneath hypothalamus at base of skull

Question 2

pituitary gland lobes

Answer 2

anterior + posterior

Question 3

what does the hypothalamus control?

Answer 3

synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones

Question 4

pituitary gland: anterior lobe

Answer 4

secretes 6 hormones
*thyroid stimulating hormone
*adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 5

pituitary gland: posterior lobe

Answer 5

secretes 2 hormones
*antidiuretic hormone (aka vasopressin)
*oxytocine

Question 6

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 6

released in response to high serum osmolality and/or hypotension

function: causes water retention via action in kidneys

“ADH- this hormone stops the pee pee”

Question 7

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 7

sit on top of kidneys

Question 8

what is each adrenal gland composed of?

Answer 8

inner medulla and outer cortex

Question 9

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 9

epinephrine and norepinephrine

2 catecholamines in response to SNS stimulation

Question 10

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 10

enhance effects of SNS
“fight or flight”

Question 11

in response to ACTH, the adrenal cortex secretes…

Answer 11

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
sex steroids

Question 12

steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

Answer 12

essential for life

regulate body’s response to normal and abnormal levels of stress
made on demand and not stored in cells

“three S’s: sugar, salt, and sex”

Question 13

glucocorticoids: principal hormone

Answer 13

cortisol

hormones are named for primary effect of glucose metabolism, but they effect all tissues of the body

Question 14

5 functions of glucocorticoids

Answer 14

1. raise blood sugar (oppose insulin)
2. protect against physiologic effects of stress
3. suppress inflammatory and immune processes
4. release muscle stores of proteins
5. increase blood cholesterol

Question 15

mineralocorticoids: principal hormone

Answer 15

aldosterone

Question 16

mineralocorticoids are regulated by

Answer 16

the renin-angiotensin system in kidneys

Question 17

functions of mineralocorticoids

Answer 17

-maintain salt and water balance
-promote secretion of K+

Question 18

what happens when aldosterone is triggered by angiotensin II?

Answer 18

aldosterone promotes sodium retention –> leading to water retention

Question 19

thyroid

Answer 19

butterfly shaped gland in neck

secretes triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – produces 80-90% more T4 than T3

Question 20

T3

Answer 20

triiodothyronine

active form – converted FROM T4

Question 21

T4

Answer 21

two forms
-1 attaches to proteins when not needed
-free T4 enters tissue when needed

T4 converted to T3 when it reaches organs and tissues to aid in metabolism

Question 22

iodine

Answer 22

necessary component in synthesis of thyroid hormone

Question 23

euthyroid

Answer 23

normally functioning thyroid gland

Question 24

parathyroid gland

Answer 24

4 pea-sized glands within thyroid tissue of neck

produce and secrete PTH in response to hypocalcemia and break down of bone to reestablish normal calcium in the blood
promote vitamin D production