Endocrine alterations Flashcards
Growth hormone
secreted by anterior pituitary and regulates muscle and bone growth, along with increased protein synthesis, increased liver glycogenolysis and increased fat mobilization. Also induces formation of insulin-like growth factors in the liver
Gigantism
excessive GH secretion prior to the closing of epiphyseal plates (in children). This causes excessive bone growth and abnormal height of 8-9 feet, and soft tissue enlargement. Over time this condition leads to osteoporosis, increased atherosclerosis, and may lead to pituitary insufficiency causing weakness and hypogonadism.
Acromegaly
condition of excess GH secretion after the epiphyseal plates fuse (after adolescence). Bony and soft tissue proliferation lead to enlarged hands, feet, nose, mandible, prominent forehead and orbital ridges, enlarged tongue, lips, and face. Metab. rate and sweating is increased. Other symptoms are HTN, joint complaints, and diabetes
Hypothyroidism
Condition in which inadequate TH causes a decreased metabolism and heat production, weakness, cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, anemia, dry thin hair, scaly dry skin, slowed CNS activity, nonpitting edema and edema of the vocal cords (husky voice), increase in plasma lipids and cholesterol= atherosclerosis, loss of libido, menstrual irregularities, impotence.
Hypothyroidism is also called what and what?
myxedema in adults, cretinism in children
Causes of hypothyroidism
destructive lesions as in hashimotos disease, surgery, radiation therapy, iodine deficiency, and decreased TSH from pituitary.
Hyperthyroidism
excess production of TH usually caused by Graves disease in which an Ab reacts with and stimulates the thyroid to function independently. This leads to an increased metabolism, heat intolerance, moist and warm skin with slight edema, increased BP, RR and HR with cardiac arrhythmias, weight loss, diarrhea, hyperrelexia, exopthalmus, tremors, insomnia, loss of strength and mood swings.
Luteinizing hormone LH
initiates ovulation and luteinization of the mature ovarian follicle in women. In men, the hormone regulates spermatogenesis and testosterone production.
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
Hormone that functions in follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in the female and spermatogenesis in the male
Decreased LH and FSH
causes loss of axilla and pubic hair, atrophy of breasts and external genetalia, amenorrhea, loss of libido, and sterility
Cortisol
hormone from the adrenal cortex that has multiple functions: gluconeogenesis, increased blood sugar, protein catabolism, nitrogen excretion, increases free fatty acids and fat deposition, sodium retention (thus, water too), potassium excretion, inhibits the inflammatory and allergic response, decreases Ab formation, and stimulates erythropoiesis.
Aldosterone
mineralcorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex that causes sodium retention and secondary water retention, and potassium excretion
Cushing’s syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol, androgens/estrogens, and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex that causes weight gain= moon face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, protein loss=muscle wasting and osteoporosis, prolonged hyperglycemia= glucose intolerance and DM, HTN, hypokalemia, menstrual dysfunction, male pattern hair growth in women (hirsutism), and hyperpigmentation.
Addison’s disease
inadequate production of cortisol, ACTH, and Aldosterone due to autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. This causes low blood sugar and fatigue (asthenia), hyperpigmentation of the skin, hypotension, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, abnormal GI function, normocytic anemia, lymphocytosis. Loss of androgens also results in loss of axilla/pubic hair and loss of libido.
Hyperaldosteronism
excess production of aldosterone from the adrenal gland causing increased Na and ECF volume, thus hypertension, and potassium depletion which results in muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and resistance to vasopressin (leads to symptoms of diabetes insipidus)
