Endocrine A&P

Question 1

where is the pituitary gland situated?

Answer 1

beneath the hypothalamus at the base of the skull

Question 2

2 lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 2

(1) anterior
(2) posterior

Question 3

what controls pituitary hormone release?

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

what does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 4

–TSH
–ACTH

Question 5

what does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 5

–ADH
–Oxytocin

Question 6

when is ADH released?

Answer 6

In response to high serum osmolality and/or hypotension

Question 7

function of ADH

Answer 7

causes water retention via action in the kidneys

Question 8

where are the adrenal glands?

Answer 8

on top of the kidneys

Question 9

components of adrenal glands

Answer 9

–inner medulla
–outer cortex

Question 10

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 10

epi and norepi

Question 11

what does the adrenal cortex release in response to ACTH?

Answer 11

–glucocorticoids (cortisol)
–mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
–sex steroids (androgens)

Question 12

when are epi and norepi released?

Answer 12

in response to SNS stimulation

Question 13

connection between epi/norepi and SNS?

Answer 13

both prolong and enhance effects of SNS

Question 14

what are the steroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex responsible for?

Answer 14

they regulate the body’s response to normal and abnormal levels of stress

Question 15

primary glucocorticoid

Answer 15

cortisol

Question 16

functions of glucocorticoids

Answer 16

–raising blood sugar
–protect against physiologic effects of stress
–suppress inflammatory and immune processes
–release muscle stores of proteins
–increase blood cholesterol

Question 17

primary mineralcorticoid

Answer 17

aldosterone

Question 18

what is aldosterone regulated by?

Answer 18

renin-angiotensin system in the kidneys

Question 19

function of aldosterone

Answer 19

–maintain salt and water balance
–promotes secretion of potassium
–when triggered by angiotensin II, promotes sodium retention and thus water retention

Question 20

what hormones do the thyroid secrete?

Answer 20

T3 and T4

Question 21

T3

Answer 21

active form; converted from T4

Question 22

forms of T4

Answer 22

(1) 1 attaches to proteins when not needed
(2) free T4 enters tissues when needed

Question 23

what is produced more: T4 or T3?

Answer 23

80-90% more T4 than T3

Question 24

when does T4 get converted to T3?

Answer 24

when it reaches organs and tissues to aid in metabolism

Question 25

what is needed for synthesis of thyroid hormone?

Answer 25

iodine

Question 26

euthyroid

Answer 26

normally functioning thyroid gland

Question 27

what does the parathyroid gland do?

Answer 27

–produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcemia and break down bone to re-establish normal calcium in the blood
–promotes vitamin D production